Type	metropolitan city
Type 2	capital
Native name	Hyderabad
Other name	హైదరాబాద్ • حیدر آباد
Nickname	The City of Pearls
State name	Andhra Pradesh
Skyline	Hyderabad Montage.png
Skyline caption	Clockwise from top Charminar, Hussain Sagar, Birla Mandir, Chowmahalla Palace,
Locator position	right
Region	Telangana
Inset map marker	yes
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name	India
District
Area total	527
Area total sq mi cite
Altitude	536
Coastline	0
Climate	Aw
Precip	603
Temp annual	26.0
Temp summer	35.9
Temp winter	23.5
Distance 1	1499
Direction 1	S
Destination 1	Delhi
Mode 1	land
Distance 2	711
Direction 2	SE
Destination 2	Mumbai
Mode 2	land
Distance 3	688
Direction 3	N
Destination 3	Chennai
Mode 3	land
Distance 4	1516
Direction 4	SW
Destination 4	Kolkata
Mode 4	land
Population as of	2011
Population total	4,010,238
Population total cite
Population rank	6th
Population density	18,480
Population metro	6,383,850
Population metro cite
Population metro as of	2010
Population metro rank	6th
Official languages	Telugu and Urdu
Leader title 1	Mayor
Leader name 1	Banda Kartika Reddy
Leader title 2	Commissioner
Leader name 2	A K Khan
Leader title 3	Member of Parliament
Leader name 3	Asaduddin Owaisi
Established title	Founder
Established date	Quli Qutub Shah, Aurangzeb
Established title	Founded
Established date	1591 AD
Planning agency	GHMC, HMDA
Area telephone	91-40, 8413, 8414, 8415, 8417, 8418, 8453, 8455
Postal code	500 xxx, 501 xxx, 502 xxx, 508 xxx, 509 xxx
Vehicle code range	AP 09, 10, 11, 12, 13, 22, 23, 24, 28 & 29
Unlocode	IN HYD
Website	www.ghmc.gov.in
Info	www.happyhyderabad.com
Map caption	Location of Hyderabad in India }}

Hyderabad (), ( , }} ), is the capital city of Andhra Pradesh, India. Located at the crossroads of North and South India in Deccan Plateau. Hyderabad is currently the second largest metropolis in India, covering an area of (621.48 km²). It is the sixth most populous city and the sixth-most populous urban agglomeration in India. It is known with the sobriquet ''The City of Pearls'', and referred as ''Heart of the Indian Peninsula'' by the ''Time Magazine US''. Hyderabad is ranked nineteenth in the world by ''The New York Times'' in ''The list of 41 Places to Go in 2011''. Hyderabad was founded by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah in 1591 AD on the banks of river Musi. The twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad come under the ambit of a single municipal unit The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. According to Business Today survey, Hyderabad ranked as fourth best city to live in India.

The city houses Microsoft's biggest R&D facility outside the USA. In addition to the IT industry, various biopharmaceutical firms have their operations in Hyderabad owing to its established Public sector in Life Science Research and Genome Valley. The city, houses expensive residential real estate areas in Banjara Hills and Jubilee Hills. The city is home to the Telugu Film Industry, known popularly as Tollywood. Hyderabad hosts national level Urdu Mushairas regularly. Residents of Hyderabad are generally referred as ''Hyderabadis''. Hyderabad has developed a unique culture that is reflected in its language and architecture.

Etymology

Theories explaining the origins and etymology behind Hyderabad's name differ. There is a myth that after founding the city, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah fell in love with and married a local nautch girl known as ''Bhagmathi'' or ''Bhagyavathi'', and named the city ''Bhagyanagaram''. Another theory says ''Hyderabad'' was named in honor of the fourth caliph, Ali Ibn Abi Talib who was also known as Hyder.

History

Early History

Although Hyderabad was founded less than 500 years ago, archaeologists have unearthed Iron Age sites near the city that could date back to 500 BC. The historical records says that this region of Hyderabad and surrounding was known as Golconda which was ruled by vemulawada chalukyas popularly known as chalukya dynasty who ruled this region (731 AD - 966 AD). Due to the final dissolution of chalukyas into four different empires (Hoysala, Pandyas, Kakatiya and the Yadavas of Devagiri) in the 11th century, the region of Golconda came under Kakatiya dynasty, Hyderabad which was part of Golconda region, remained under Hindu kingdom of kakatiya dynasty (1000 AD - 1310 AD), since then it was ruled by many different Muslim dynasties until 1948. The Kakatiya dynasty's headquarters was at Warangal. When Sultan Alauddin Khilji of Delhi took over Warangal from kakatiya dynasty along with Golconda fort, Hyderabad region came under the khilji dynasty (1310 AD - 1321 AD). Alauddin Khilji carried away the world famous Kohinoor diamond with him to Delhi which was mined from Kollur mines in golkonda of kakatiya dynasty. Very soon Muhammad bin Tughluq annexed Khilji Sultanate of Delhi and formed Tughlaq dynasty in Delhi, which brought warangal (including Golconda and Hyderabad region) under the direct rule of Tughlaq dynasty of Delhi Sultanate until (1321 AD - 1347 AD). In 1347 AD, Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah the chief of Tughlaq dynasty, revolted against Delhi Sultanate and founded Bahmani Sultanate of Deccan (South of India) including Golconda (of which Hyderabad was a part) with Gulbargah as his headquarters, Bahmani Sultanate ruled this region until 1518 AD. It was a first independent Muslim sultanet of Deccan (South India)

Early Modern

In 1518, Sultan quli who was governor of Golconda under Bahmani sultanate of which Hyderabad was a part, he revolted away from Bahmani sultanate and founded the Qutb Shahi dynasty which lasted until 1687 AD. Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, a fifth Sultan of the Qutb Shahi dynasty (the ruling family of the Golconda Sultanate, previously a feudatory of Bahmani sultanate that declared independence in 1512) founded the city of Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591 to relieve a water shortage the dynasty had experienced at its old headquarters at Golconda city(11 kilometers west of Hyderabad city on the other side of Musi). He also ordered the construction of the Charminar.

The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb captured kingdom of Golconda including the city of Hyderabad in 1687 and, during this short Mughal rule, Mughal-appointed governors of the city soon gained autonomy. In 1724, Asaf Jah I, who was granted the title Nizam-ul-Mulk ("Governor of the country") by the Mughal emperor, defeated a rival official to establish control over kingdom of Golconda renamed it as Hyderabad state. Thus began the Asaf Jahi dynasty that ruled Hyderabad State until a year after India's independence from Britain. Asaf Jah's successors ruled as the Nizams of Hyderabad. The rule of the seven Nizams saw the growth of Hyderabad city both culturally and economically. Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the kingdom (Hyderabad state) and Golkonda city was almost abandoned. Huge reservoirs, like the Nizam Sagar, Tungabhadra, Osman Sagar, and Himayat Sagar, were built. Survey work on Nagarjuna Sagar had also begun during this time; the actual work was completed by the Government of India in 1969. The wealth and grandeur of the Nizams is demonstrated by the fabled Jewels of The Nizams, which is a tourist attraction. The state was the richest and the largest among the princely states of India. The land area of the state was 90,543 mi²; its population in 1901 was 50,073,759. It enjoyed an estimated revenue of £90,029,000.

During British Raj

Hyderabad State the richest and the seniormost (21-gun) salute state during the period of British India. Hyderabad State was spread on 223,000 km² (The present size of Great Britain) region in the Deccan, ruled by the Asif Jahi Dynasty, who had the title of Nizam and was conferred the title of His Exalted Highness by the British.The only Indian prince to be given this status of HEH. The Nizam set up numerous institutions in the name of the dynasty. they set up schools, colleges, madarsas, a university that imparted education in Urdu, hospitals, etc.Hyderabad State had his own mint, printing its own currency, the Hyderabadi Rupee. Inspired by the elite and prestigious Indian Civil Service they founded the Hyderabad Civil Service. The pace with which last and Seventh Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan amassed wealth made him to be one of the world's richest man in 1937, (''Time'' cover story February 22, 1937). As per the Forbes All-Time Wealthiest List of 2008, Hyderabad States, Seventh Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan is the fifth richest man ever in the world (Bill Gates ranks 20th), The Nizams worth has been estimated by Forbes to be around 210.8 billion US Dollar (adjusted to the present value of the US Dollar). Carrying a gift, called Nazrana, in accordance with one's net worth while meeting Nizam was a ''de facto'' necessity.

Integration into Indian Union

When India gained independence in 1947, the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent, either as a sovereign ruler or by acquiring Dominion status within the British Empire. In order to keep essential trade and supplies flowing, he signed a Standstill Agreement with the Indian Union which surrounded him on all sides. The law and order situation soon deteriorated, with escalating violence between the private Razakar army fighting for continuation of the Nizam's rule and the people with the support of the Congress leaders like Swami Ramanand Tirtha and the communists of Telangana, were fighting for joining in the Indian Union. As the violence spiraled out of control with refugees flowing into the coastal Andhra region of the Madras State of India, the Indian Government under Home Minister Sardar Patel initiated a police action titled Operation Polo. On 16 September 1948, Indian Army moved in to Hyderabad State from five fronts. Four days later, the Hyderabad forces surrendered. The number of dead was a little over 800. The Police Action achieved success within a matter of days. The Nizam finally surrendered and signed the Instrument of Accession to the Indian Union and Hyderabad State was integrated into the Indian Union as a state.

The Constitution of India, which went into effect on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India and Hyderabad city continued to be its capital. In 1955, Ambedkar was so impressed with amenities of Hyderabad city that he argued to make Hyderabad city as second capital of India. He said, "Hyderabad has all the amenities which Delhi has and it is a far better city than Delhi. It has all the grandeur which Delhi has. Buildings are going cheap and they are really beautiful buildings, far superior to those in Delhi. The only thing that is wanting is a Parliament House which the Government of India can easily build."

On 1 November 1956, the states of India were reorganized on linguistic grounds. Hyderabad State was disintergrated in liguistic line. Four Kannada speaking districts were merged with Karnataka. Four Marathi speaking districts were merged with Bombay State (later Maharashtra). Nine Telugu speaking districts of Hyderabad State, also known as Telangana, was merged with the Telugu speaking state of Andhra State to create the state of Andhra Pradesh(Tenth district, Ranga Reddy district was carved out Hyderabad district in 1978). Thus, Hyderabad city became the capital city of the new state of Andhra Pradesh. Since liberalisation in the 1990s, Hyderabad city has become one of the major hubs of the IT industry. The growth in the IT sector and opening of Rajiv Gandhi International Airport attracted activity in other economic sectors like real estate in the 2000s. However, the Global financial crisis of 2008–2009 has had a significant impact on construction activity.

Geography

Hyderabad is located in central Andhra Pradesh and is spread over an area of 621 sq.km. The city is situated on the Deccan Plateau, Hyderabad has an average elevation of about 536 metres above sea level (1,607 ft). Most of the area has a rocky terrain and some areas are hilly. Crops are commonly grown in the surrounding paddy fields.

The original city of Hyderabad was founded on the banks of river Musi. Now known as the historic ''Old City'', home to the Charminar and Mecca Masjid, it lies on the southern bank of the river. The heart of the city saw a shift to the north of the river, with the construction of many government buildings and landmarks there, especially south of the Hussain Sagar lake. The rapid growth of the city, along with the merging of Hyderabad, 12 municipal circles and the Cantonment has resulted in a large, united and populous area.

The Musi river originates from Anantagiri Hills (located 70 km south west of Hyderabad) and joins Krishna River near Wazirabad in Nalgonda district. There are two dams built on it - Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar. Both these reservoirs constitute the major drinking water sources for Hyderabad city. These dams also prevented the city from flooding that encountered till the early decades of 20th century. Musi River was called Muchukunda River in pre-historic days. A few bridges cross the river; the oldest, called "Purana Pul"(literally meaning old bridge) was built during the 16th century by the Qutb Shahi sultans of Golconda.

Climate

Hyderabad has a unique combination of a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen ''Aw'') that borders on a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen ''BSh''), with hot summers from late February to early June, the monsoon season from late June to early October and a pleasant winter from late October to early February.The climate of Hyderabad remains fairly warm through most parts of the year and does not receive much rainfall in the monsoon. With the onset of winters in North and central parts of India, temperatures marginally come down in the months of December and January and the nights become quite cool in and around the Hyderabad city. During the summer months, the mercury goes as high as while in winters the minimum temperature may come down to as low as . June to November are the months of monsoons, accompanied by rains. During the Monsoons also the temperature goes down at times. Thus, for most parts of the year the weather and climate of Hyderabad remains fairly moderate and you can visit the Hyderabad city anytime in the year but the best season to visit Hyderabad is between October–February. The mean maximum temperature ranges between and in May. After the withdrawal of the monsoon, the maximum temperature rises slightly due to increased insulation. The mean minimum temperature is to in December and January, but it rises to to in May. The minimum temperature falls rapidly after October, and less than was recorded on individual days. The climate is pleasant from November to February. The summer months of April and May are uncomfortable due to oppressive heat. The period from July to September is warm, humid and uncomfortable. Temperatures in the evenings and mornings are generally sharply cooler because of the city's moderate elevation. Hyderabad receives around of rain every year, almost all of it concentrated in the monsoon months. The highest maximum (day) temperature ever recorded was on 2 June 1966, while the lowest minimum (night) recorded temperature was on 8 January 1946.

Demographics

{{India census population | title = Hyderabad Population | 1971 = 1796000 | 1981 = 2546000 | 1991 = 3059262 | 2001 = 3637483 | 2011 = 4010238 | 2011ref = | footnote = World Gazetteer }}

{{bar box | title = Religion in Hyderabad | left1 = Religion | right1 = Percent | float = right | bars = | caption = Distribution of religions † Includes Sikhs (0.03%), Buddhists (0.04%), Jains (0.04%). }}

The city's population in 2001 was 3.6 million and it has reached over 4.0 million by 2009 making it among the most populated cities in India, while the population of the metropolitan area was estimated above 6.3 million. Hyderabad is a cosmopolitan city, whose residents are adherents to a wide range of religions, predominentally Hinduism (55.40%), Muslims (40.17%) and others including Christianity (2.13%), Sikhism (0.2%) and Jainism (0.4%). There are many iconic temples, mosques, and churches situated in the city.(see also: Hyderabadi Muslims). Muslims have substantial presence across the city and are predominant in and around Old City.

Telugu and Urdu are the two official languages of Hyderabad, while English is also commonly used. Hindi, Marathi, Kannada and Tamil are also spoken by a significant part of the population. Urdu spoken here has influences of Arabic, Turkish, Persian and Hindi, giving rise to a dialect sometimes called Hyderabadi Urdu or Deccani. The Telugu language in Hyderabad has a varied dialect called the Telangana dialect.

Administration

The city is administered by Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) which came into existence in 2007 after merging 12 municipalities with the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH). The titular head of GHMC is the Mayor of Hyderabad who has few executive powers. In the past, the mayor was chosen by the legislative body of the municipal corporations. The state government modified the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955, to stipulate that the mayoral election be held directly and simultaneously with the corporation elections. The real executive power of the corporation is vested in the Municipal Commissioner, an IAS officer appointed by the Andhra Pradesh state government.

The GHMC is in charge of the civic needs and the infrastructure of the city. Hyderabad is divided into 150 municipal wards, each overseen by a corporator. The corporators of the administration are elected through popular vote, and almost all the political parties field candidates. The twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad are spread over three districts, Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy and Medak. The District collectors also oversees the elections held in the city. Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA), is the urban planning agency of Hyderabad, India. It was formed in 2008 by expanding the Hyderabad Urban Development Authority. It contains the entire area of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation and its suburbs. The enlarged jurisdiction of HUDA now extends to 54 Mandals located in five districts with a total area of nearly 6300 km².

Hyderabad voters send 24 members to the Legislative Assembly, whose constituencies come under 5 Lok Sabha segments. The new Assembly segments and their respective parliamentary constituencies(PC) are: Malkajgiri, Kukatpally, Uppal, Lal Bahadur Nagar (LB Nagar), Secunderabad Cantonment, Quthbullapur under Malkajgiri PC; Musheerabad, Amberpet, Khairatabad, Jubilee Hills, Sanathnagar, Nampally, Secunderabad under Secunderabad PC; Malakpet, Karwan, Goshamahal, Yakutpura, Charminar, Chandrayanagutta, Bahadurpura under Hyderabad PC; Maheswaram, Rajendranagar, Serilingampally under Chevella PC and Patancheru under Medak PC.

The city is divided by the state police into Hyderabad Police and Cyberabad Police which come under the state Home Ministry and are headed by Police Commissioners. The important government offices such as the Police Commissioner's office, Police Control room, Income tax Commissioner's office, Central Excise and customs office, Central Reservation office etc. The city is divided into five police zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. The Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Hyderabad and Cyberabad commissionerates. Hyderabad is the seat of the Andhra Pradesh High Court, and also has two lower courts – the City Civil Court for civil matters and the Metropolitan Criminal Court for criminal cases. The High Court and Legislature are heritage buildings built by Nizam.

Economy

Hyderabad is the financial, economic and political capital of the state of Andhra Pradesh. The city is the largest contributor to the state's Gross Domestic Product, state tax and excise revenues. The nominal gross domestic product of Hyderabad metro was estimated at $15 billion in 2010. Hyderabad ranks 93rd (as of 2008) in the List of richest cities in the world by GDP (PPP) with US$60 billion and sixth in India. Hyderabad is ranked as the 2nd best Indian city for doing business in the Doing Business 2011 Report published by the World Bank Group. The city is also one of India's prominent Information Technology hubs, contributing most of Andhra Pradesh's Rs 36,000-crore revenue from software exports. Starting in the 1990s, the economic pattern of the city has changed from being a primarily service city to being one with a more diversified spectrum, including trade, transport, commerce, storage, communication etc. Service industry is the major contributor, with urban workforce constituting 90% of the total workforce.

Hyderabad is also a Biopharmaceutical hub in India, with companies such as IDPL, USP, Novartis, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, Sanofi pasteur - (Shantha Biotechnics), Biocon, Biological E limited, Bharath Biotech, Ocimum Biosolutions, Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Neuland Pharmaceutical, Nektar Therapeutics, Dupont, Agilent, Thomson Healthcare, Parexel, Albany Molecular Research, Quintiles, AstraZeneca, GVK BIO, Matrix Laboratories, Krebs biochemicals, Magene Lifesciences, Hetero Drugs Limited, Makrocare etc. Initiatives such as Genome Valley, Fab City and the Nano Technology park are expected to create extensive infrastructure in bio-technology. Hyderabad is known as the city of pearls. The bangles market known as Laad Bazaar is situated near Charminar. Products such as silverware, saris, Nirmal and Kalamkari paintings and artifacts, unique Bidri handcrafted items, lacquer bangles studded with stones,silk ware, cotton ware and handloom-based clothing materials are made and traded through the city for centuries.

Like many Indian cities, Hyderabad has witnessed a high growth in the real estate business, due to an information-technology-driven boom in the 1990s and the retail industry growth over the last few years which have spurred hectic commercial activity. A number of mega malls have come up or are being built in the city. Real estate demand in the suburban and rural areas surrounding Hyderabad has gone up exponentially leading to a rapid increase in prices over the past few years. The Confederation of Real Estate Developers’ Association of India (CREDAI) is quite optimistic about the coming times. Leveraging on the trend, many property developers like Godrej Properties, ''PBEL'', Janapriya Properties, Ramky Estates and more have set up base in the city leading to a rapid increase in prices over the past few years.

For the advancement of infrastructure in the city, the government is building a skyscraper business district at Narsingi, Ranga Reddy district near Manchirevula with a 450 m supertall structure APIIC Tower at its centre. The largest employers in Hyderabad are the Andhra Pradesh Government and the Government of India with 113,098 and 85,155 employees respectively.

The retail industry in Hyderabad is on the rise. Many international and national brands have set up retail chains here. The city has multiple Central Business Districts (CBDs) spread across the city. There are many major business/commercial districts from the historical Charminar area to newer Kothapet, Gachibowli, Rajendranagar.

Information technology industry

Hyderabad has established itself as the leading destination for IT and IT-enabled services, BPO and entertainment industries. Many computer software companies, software consulting firms, BPO firms, dealing with IT and other technological services firms have established their Head offices and facilities in the city since the 1990s. The city is home to more than 1,300 IT firms, including Facebook, Microsoft, Google and Amazon Hyderabad's IT exports exceeded $1 billion in 2004. The development of a township with related technological infrastructure called HITEC City prompted several IT and ITES companies to set up operations in the city. An aggressive promotion of growth in this area has led civic boosters to call the city ''Cyberabad''. There have been extensive investments in digital infrastructure within the city promoting the setting up of several campuses by a vast array of companies within the city. This list includes several multinational corporations having established their development centres in the city. Major areas where such campuses have been set up are Madhapur, Kondapur, Gachibowli, and Uppal.

Education and research

Schools in Hyderabad are affiliated to either CBSE, SSC or ICSE. Schools are run by either state government, local governing bodies, private individuals, missionaries or other agencies. Children in Hyderabad schools have to study for ten years in schools, followed by two years in junior college before becoming eligible to enroll for graduation programme in a college. In schools the medium of instruction is mostly English, Hindi, Urdu or Telugu.

The University of Hyderabad was recently ranked first in Indian subcontinent in the R&D arena. Osmania University, established in 1917, is the seventh oldest university in India and the third oldest in South India. In addition to various colleges, the city is home to three central universities, two deemed universities, and six state universities.

Indian School of Business an international business school ranked number 12 in global MBA rankings by the Financial Times of London in 2010 established by a group of Fortune 500 CEOs in collaboration with AP Government is also located in Hyderabad. Institute of Public Enterprise is a premier Business School at Hyderabad and is recognized as a "Centre of Excellence" by the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, New Delhi for doctoral studies. IPE ranks among 'Top Government -Aided B-Schools' by "Center for Forecasting published in Wall Street Journal 2009" and it ranked 23rd overall India by CSR-GHRDC B-School Survey 2009. Another institute is the ICFAI Business School, a reputed deemed to be University.

The Indian Institute Of Technology has set up their new campus in the Hyderabad in 2008. IIT Hyderabad is presently running from a temporary campus located at Ordinance Factory Campus, Yeddumailaram village, while the permanent campus in Kandi is constructed. It was set up in technical and financial assistance from the Government of Japan. IIT Hyderabad campus will be located at Kandi (near to Sangareddy) to on the outskirts of Hyderabad city in a 550-acre (2.2 km2) campus. The campus is located on NH-9 and is also near to Outer Ring Road (Hyderabad). It is expected that all operations will be shifted to the main campus by mid-2012.

Colleges in Hyderabad offer graduation, post graduation and doctoral programmes in science, arts, engineering, commerce, law, fashion & medicine. College of Engineering – Osmania University, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University and Indian Institute of Technology are some of the eminent engineering schools in Hyderabad. In addition to engineering colleges, Raffles Millennium International Hyderabad offers advanced degree courses in the field of fashion, interior design, jewellery design, visual communications and multimedia design. NIMS, Gandhi Medical College and Osmania Medical College are the main centres of medical education in Hyderabad. Admissions to professional colleges in Hyderbad is through EAMCET. Colleges and universities in Hyderabad are run by the state government, central government or private individuals or agencies.

University of Hyderabad, NALSAR, NIPER, Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, English and Foreign Languages University, JNTU, NIMS and Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University are some of the other universities located in Hyderabad.

Research Institutions

Hyderabad is home to various CSIR and other public sector research institutes such as Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited (IDPL), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics CDFD, National Geophysical Research Institute(NGRI), National Institute of Nutrition(NIN), Indian Immunologicals Limited(IIL), Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases (IGHGD), Center For Food Technological Research Institute(CFTRI), Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic plants (CIMAP), National Mineral Development Corpation(NMDC), IRISET for railway signal engineering and ICRISAT. Further, Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) labs like ANURAG, DMRL, DRDL and DERL are facilitated with research centres in Hyderabad to develop communication and radar systems and for the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP). Nuclear energy sector has a large presence with three organisations under Department of Atomic Energy (India) including the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD), Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) and Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL).

Transport

Air

The Hyderabad International Airport at Shamshabad, is the world's number one airport in the category of serving 5–15 million passengers and world fifth best airport, both ranked by ACI, and the best airport in India according to Britain-based consultancy Skytrax. The airport has the longest runway and largest in terms of area among all the airports in India. With the inauguration of Pharma Zone in January 2011, it became Indias first airport to transport more than 30,000 tonnes of temperature controlled pharma products, and caters to the high passenger and cargo volumes. It is a hub for Jet Lite, SpiceJet and IndiGo airways.GMR Hyderabad International Airport Limited (GHIAL), has been awarded the Center for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA) award in the category of ''Best Airport Environmental Performance of the Year 2009''.

The 11.6 km PV Narasimha Rao Expressway, constructed at an elevated level from Mehdipatnam to Rajendranagar along with an underpass and trumpet interchange for providing dedicated high speed travel to the airport, is the longest flyover in India. There are three wide roads leading to the new airport from the city and modern taxis and buses can shuttle passengers between the city and the airport. The Nehru Outer Ring Road serves as a expressway between Gachibowli and Shamshabad. The other airports located here are Dundigul Air Force Academy, Nadirgul Airport and Hakimpet Airport.

Rail

Railways were first introduced in the city in 1869 with the commencement of Secunderabad–Wadi line of Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway. Secunderabad Railway Station is the headquarters of the South Central Railway zone of the Indian Railways and is the largest railway station serving Hyderabad. The other major railway stations serving the city are Hyderabad Deccan Station (Nampally), Kachiguda Railway Station and Begumpet Railway Station. These stations provide connectivity within the city and the rest of the country.

Hyderabad has a light rail transportation system known as the MultiModal Transport System (MMTS) which runs local services providing connectivity mainly to the IT corridor and Secunderabad. Ever since the MMTS Phase I was introduced in 2003, the patronage has increased considerably from mere 11,000 passengers a day to over 1.50 lakh passengers. MMTS Phase 2 is expected to complete by 2012 to handle 3 lakh passengers a day.

Hyderabad Metro, the proposed rapid transit for the city is executed by L&T, and is expected to operate 4 lines by 2014.

Roads

Hyderabad is connected to the rest of the country by National Highways—NH-7, NH-9 and NH-202. Hyderabad is also well connected to the remaining parts of the state. Like other cities, Hyderabad suffers from traffic congestion. Completion of the Inner Ring Road and construction of the Outer Ring Road encircling Hyderabad city is also underway and is touted to make travel in the city easier. Many flyovers and underpasses are also being constructed to ease traffic congestion in the city. The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation headquartered in Hyderabad, runs a fleet of 19,000 buses, the largest in the world. Hyderabad has the third largest bus station facility in Asia, with 72 platforms for 89 buses to load passengers at a time. Officially named as the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station, it is locally known as the Imlibun Bus Station. The Jubilee Bus Station at Secunderabad runs buses to various parts of the state and to some parts of South India.

Local transport

The yellow colored Auto Rickshaw, usually referred to as an auto, is the most widely used transport service and has a minimum fare of Rs 16 for the first 1.5 km and Rs 8 per additional km. Radio Taxis and cabs by private players have provided an easy travel in the city.

Culture

Historically, Hyderabad has been the city where distinct cultural and linguistic traditions of North and South India meet. ''Hyderabadis'', as residents of the city are known, have developed a distinctive culture which is a mixture of Hindu and Muslim traditions. A typical Hyderabadi could be either a Telugu or a Urdu-speaking person that has decided to make Hyderabad his/her home.

The traditional Hyderabadi garb is ''Sherwani'' and ''Kurta Paijama'' for men, ''Khara Dupatta'' and ''Salwar kameez'' for women, which reflects distinctive culture of Hyderabad. Women of all cultures and faiths in city generally wear ''sari'' and ''Salwar kameez''. ''Burqa'' and ''Hijab'' is commonly practiced among the Muslim women when in public, this is one of the more visible cultural attributes of Hyderabad. Most of the young generations wear western clothing.

Some of the public carnivals celebrated in Hyderabad are, the annual immersion of Lord Ganesh idols after the 10 day Ganesh Chaturthi celebrations on Ananta Chaturdashi (locally known as the Ganesh Nimajjanam) when the 10-day Vinayaka Chaviti festivities culminate with the immersion of idols into the Hussain Sagar lake. Bonalu is a vernacular festival that is celebrated with great fervor among the Hindus. The Muslims fast during the holy month of Ramzan, observed in piety and charity, and celebrated at the end by Eid ul-Fitr, three days of festivities with greetings and joy by everyone. At Eid a traditional sweet dish is made known as ''Sheer Qorma''.

Cuisine

A 400-year history is behind the culinary delights of Hyderabadi food. It evolved in the kitchens of the Nizams, who elevated food to a sublime art form. Hyderabad cuisine is highly influenced by Mughals and partially by Arabic, Turkish and Irani food where rice, wheat and spices are widely used to great effect. It is also influenced by the native Telugu and Marathwada food, bringing in a unique taste to the dishes.

Hyderabadi cuisine is a blend of traditional South Indian, Mughalai, Arabic and Persian cuisine. Hyderabadi Biryani and Hyderabadi Haleem had become iconic dishes of India with the tag awarded from GI registry office at Chennai, India. Other native preparations include Qubani ka meetha, Double ka meetha, Phirni, Nahari Kulche (also known as ''paya'') and Hyderabadi Haleem (a meat dish traditionally prepared and eaten during the holy month of Ramzan), Kaddu Ki Kheer (a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd),Kaddu ka daalcha, Sheer Qorma (a sweet liquid dish cooked with vermicelli and milk),Chaakna, Mirchi ka saalan, Bagaare baigan, Shikampur, Tala hua Gosht, Khatti dal, Khichdi and Khatta, Til ki chutney, baigan ki chutney, Til ka khatta, Aam ka achaar, Gosht ka achaar, Peosi (a sweet prepared with egg whites and milk), Shahi tukde, Kheema aaloo etc.

On street-corners are Irani cafés that offer ''Irani chai'', ''Irani samosa'' and ''Osmania biscuit''. The sweets are known for their ghee-based items.

Italian, Mexican, Chinese and Continental cuisine are all popular in the city and other South Indian cuisine. Pubs are also getting popular in Hyderabad.

Media

Hyderabad is home to Telugu cinema popularly known as Tollywood, in 2008 it occupied top position with maximum number of films produced in India, and in 2009 Tollywood stands on second position. Saradhi Studios, Annapurna Studios, Ramanaidu Studios, Ramakrishna Studios, Padmalaya Studios, Ramoji Film City are some of the notable film studios in the city. The first Hyderabad International Film Festival (HIFF) was organized in 2007 by the Hyderabad Film Club and Andhra Pradesh Film Directors Association. Prasad IMAX Theaters houses the World's largest IMAX-3D, largest screen (662 Sq. Meters) in India and has powerful projector with 24 optical focus along with 4D simulator. Inox, PVR Cinemas, Cine Planet, Cinemax, BIG Cinemas and Talkie Town are some other multiplexes in Hyderabad. 17 more multiplexes are being constructed in the areas like Kukatpally and Kacheguda.

Ravindra Bharati, located at Saifabad, is an important and well-known auditorium for theatre and performing arts in the city. Many artists from around the world perform here regularly. Lalithakala Thoranam and Shilpakala Vedika are also similar centers for arts and theatre. State-of-the-art Hyderabad International Convention Centre (HICC), simply called HITEX, is the first of its kind in South Asia and is comparable to the world's best convention centers, constructed with the cost of 3 billion.

The radio industry has expanded with a number of private and government owned FM channels being introduced. Notable FM radio channels that broadcast in the city include AIR, Radio Mirchi FM (98.3 MHz), Radio City FM (91.1 MHz), and Big FM (92.7 MHz).

State-owned Doordarshan transmits two terrestrial television channels and one satellite television channel from Hyderabad. Some notable private regional television channels broadcasting from Hyderabad are TV9, MAA TV, I-News, ETV, Gemini, Teja, Zee Telugu, ETV Urdu, ETV2, NTV, TV5, Bhakthi TV, Local TV, and Urdu TV.

Hyderabad has three print media groups that publish several newspapers and magazines in Telugu, Urdu, and English. The major Telugu dailies include the ''Namaste Telangana'', ''Eenadu'', ''Sakshi'', ''Suryaa'', ''Vaartha'', ''Andhra Jyothi'', ''Andhra Prabha'', ''Andhra Bhoomi'' and ''Praja Shakti''. The major English dailies are ''The Times of India'', ''The Hindu'', ''The Deccan Chronicle'', ''Business Standard'', ''The New Indian Express'' and ''The Economic Times''. Hyderabad publishes more number of Urdu dailies than any other Indian city. The major Urdu dailies are ''The Siasat Daily'', ''The Munsif Daily'' and ''Etemaad''.

Hyderabad is covered by a large network of optical fibre cables. There are four fixed telephone line operators in the city: BSNL, Tata Indicom, Reliance and Airtel. There are fifteen mobile phone companies in which GSM players include Vodafone, Airtel, BSNL, Idea, Tata DoCoMo, Reliance, Virgin Mobile, T24, Aircel and Uninor ; CDMA services are offered by BSNL, Virgin Mobile, Tata Indicom, MTS India and Reliance. 3G mobile services are offered by Airtel, Idea, Aircell and BSNL.

Sports

Cricket and Field hockey are the most popular sports in the city. Hyderabad Sultans won the inaugural Premier Hockey League championship in 2005. The city took pride in hosting National Games and 2003 Afro-Asian Games. The 4th Military World Games with participation from 110 countries was held in Hyderabad in October 2007.

The earliest stadium built in the city is the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium. Formerly known as Fateh Maidan, it was, till recently, the city's only stadium that could conduct International cricket matches. The first cricket match played here was on 19 November 1955. The stadium is currently being used to conduct ICL matches. The new Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium at Uppal has a capacity of approximately 55,000 spectators and is being enhanced to have world class facilities. It houses an ultra-modern gymnasium along with a swimming pool. It has been recently accorded Test match status by the International Cricket Council.

Noted sports persons of International stature from Hyderabad include Ghulam Ahmed, M L Jaisimha, Mohammed Azharuddin, VVS Laxman, Venkatapathy Raju, Shivlal Yadav, Arshad Ayub, Noel David (Cricket), Syed Abdul Rahim, Sania Mirza (Lawn Tennis), Pullela Gopichand, Jwala Gutta, Saina Nehwal, Chetan Anand (Badminton), Mukesh Kumar (Hockey), Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan (Bodybuilding).

Hyderabad's Deccan Chargers franchise in the Indian Premier League was bought by Deccan Chronicle for USD 107 million. Deccan Chargers won the title for the year 2009. The city also has an ICL team named Hyderabad Heroes. The city houses the Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex, the G.M.C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium at Gachibowli for hockey and football and a sophisticated Velodrome for cycling at Osmania University. The city has state-of-the-art venues for gymnastics, archery and sepak takraw, shooting at Saroornagar Indoor Arena and University of Hyderabad respectively.

The Aquatics Complex Stadium at Gachibowli, with a capacity of 3000 spectators hosts swimming, diving, water polo and synchronized events. Kotla Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Indoor Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium with a capacity of 2500 spectators and wooden flooring with temperature control. SAAP Tennis Complex has a central court that holds 4000 spectators and has seven courts with synthetic surface. Water games like rowing, yachting, kayaking and canoeing are conducted at Hussain Sagar lake. The city also has five Go-Karting tracks and a Paint Ball Field. There are venues for table-tennis, basketball, equestrianism, boxing, weight-lifting with world class facilities. Hyderabad is fast becoming the hub of motosports events in AP, the Andhra Pradesh motor sports club (APMSC) which was started way back in 1977, has been instrumental in organising popular events like the Deccan 1/4 Mile Drag, TSD Rallies, 4x4 Off road in the recent past which received participation from all corners of India.

The city is well known for Horse racing. The Hyderabad Race Club formerly known as the Nizam Race Club is located at Malakpet. The Hyderabad race club attracts jockeys from all over the country by conducting various derbys/events here. The Deccan derby, a popular annual event is a regular feature here. The winter races also were conducted here recently. Badminton events take place at the Kotla Vijay Bhaskar Stadium and also at Gachibowli stadiums, and also played by youth and veterans in locality parks.

When the Elite Football League of India was introduced in August 2011, Hyderabad was noted as one of eight cities to be awarded a team for the inaugural season. Named the Hyderabad Skykings, the team's first season will be played in Pune, and it will be Hyderabad's first professional American football franchise.

Sister cities

City	Geographical location	Nation	Reference
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See also

Hyderabad International Airport

Hyderabad state

List of million-plus cities in India

List of people from Hyderabad

List of tourist attractions in Hyderabad

Old City Hyderabad

Miyapur, Hyderabad

References

External links

Hospitals in Hyderabad Hyderabad Hospitals

MSN Map

Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad

Official website of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation

}}

Hyderabad Category:Cities and towns in Hyderabad district, India Category:Indian capital cities Category:Metropolitan cities in India Category:Populated places established in 1590 Category:Sister cities of Riverside, California

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name	Walt Disney
birth name	Walter Elias Disney
birth date	December 05, 1901
birth place	Hermosa, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
death date	December 15, 1966
death place	Burbank, California, U.S. Interred: Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, U.S.
occupation	Film producer, Co-founder of The Walt Disney Company, formerly known as Walt Disney Productions
yearsactive	1920–1966
spouse	Lillian Bounds (1925–1966)
parents	Elias DisneyFlora Call Disney
relations	Herbert Arthur Disney (brother)Raymond Arnold Disney (brother)Roy Oliver Disney (brother)Ruth Flora Disney (sister)Ronald William Miller (son-in-law)Robert Borgfeldt Brown (son-in-law)Roy Edward Disney (nephew)
children	Diane Marie DisneySharon Mae Disney
religion	Christian (Congregationalist)
party	Republican
signature	Walt Disney Signature 2.svg }}

Walter Elias "Walt" Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon, and philanthropist, well-known for his influence in the field of entertainment during the 20th century. Along with his brother Roy O. Disney, he was co-founder of Walt Disney Productions, which later became one of the best-known motion picture producers in the world. The corporation is now known as The Walt Disney Company and has annual revenues of approximately USD $35 billion.

Disney is particularly noted as a film producer and a popular showman, as well as an innovator in animation and theme park design. He and his staff created some of the world's most well-known fictional characters including Mickey Mouse, for whom Disney himself provided the original voice. During his lifetime he received four honorary Academy Awards and won twenty-two Academy Awards from a total of fifty-nine nominations, including a record four in one year, giving him more awards and nominations than any other individual in history. Disney also won seven Emmy Awards and gave his name to the Disneyland and Walt Disney World Resort theme parks in the U.S., as well as the international resorts Tokyo Disney, Disneyland Paris, and Disneyland Hong Kong.

The year after his December 15, 1966 death from lung cancer in Burbank, California, construction began on Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. His brother Roy Disney inaugurated the Magic Kingdom on October 1, 1971.

1901–1937: Beginnings

Childhood

Disney was born on December 5, 1901, at 2156 N. Tripp Avenue in Chicago's Hermosa community area to Irish-Canadian father Elias Disney and German-American mother Flora Call Disney. His great-grandfather, Arundel Elias Disney, had emigrated from Gowran, County Kilkenny, Ireland where he was born in 1801. Arundel Disney was a descendant of Robert d'Isigny, a Frenchman who had travelled to England with William the Conqueror in 1066. With the d'Isigny name anglicised as "Disney", the family settled in a village now known as Norton Disney, south of the city of Lincoln, in the county of Lincolnshire.

In 1878, Disney's father Elias had moved from Huron County, Ontario, Canada to the United States at first seeking gold in California before finally settling down to farm with his parents near Ellis, Kansas, until 1884. Elias worked for the Union Pacific Railroad and married Flora Call on January 1, 1888, in Acron, Florida. The family moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1890, hometown of his brother Robert who helped Elias financially for most of his early life. In 1906, when Walt was four, Elias and his family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri, where his brother Roy had recently purchased farmland. In Marceline, Disney developed his love for drawing with one of the family's neighbors, a retired doctor named "Doc" Sherwood, paying him to draw pictures of Sherwood's horse, Rupert. His interest in trains also developed in Marceline, a town that owed its existence to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway which ran through it. Walt would put his ear to the tracks in anticipation of the coming train then try and spot his uncle, engineer Michael Martin, running the train.

The Disneys remained in Marceline for four years, before moving to Kansas City in 1911 where Walt and his younger sister Ruth attended the Benton Grammar School. At school he met Walter Pfeiffer who came from a family of theatre aficionados, and introduced Walt to the world of vaudeville and motion pictures. Before long Walt was spending more time at the Pfeiffers' than at home. As well as attending Saturday courses at the Kansas City Art Institute, Walt often took Ruth to Electric Park, 15 blocks from their home, which Disney would later acknowledge as a major influence of his design of Disneyland).

Teenage years

In 1917, Elias acquired shares in the O-Zell jelly factory in Chicago and moved his family back to the city, where in the fall Disney began his freshman year at McKinley High School and took night courses at the Chicago Art Institute. He became the cartoonist for the school newspaper, drawing patriotic topics and focusing on World War I. Despite dropping out of high school at the age of sixteen to join the army, Disney was rejected for being underage.

After his rejection by the army, Walt and a friend decided to join the Red Cross. Soon after joining he was sent to France for a year, where he drove an ambulance, but only after the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918.

Hoping to find work outside the Chicago O-Zell factory, in 1919 Walt moved back to Kansas City to begin his artistic career. After considering whether to become an actor or a newspaper artist, he decided on a career as a newspaper artist, drawing political caricatures or comic strips. But when nobody wanted to hire him as either an artist or even as an ambulance driver, his brother Roy, then working in a local bank, got Walt a temporary job through a bank colleague at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio where he created advertisements for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters. At Pesmen-Rubin he met cartoonist Ubbe Iwerks and when their time at the studio expired, they decided to start their own commercial company together.

In January 1920, Disney and Iwerks formed a short-lived company called, "Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists". However, following a rough start, Disney left temporarily to earn money at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, and was soon joined by Iwerks who was not able to run their business alone. While working for the Kansas City Film Ad Company, where he made commercials based on cutout animations, Disney became interested in animation, and decided to become an animator. The owner of the Ad Company, A.V. Cauger, allowed him to borrow a camera from work to experiment with at home. After reading the Edwin G. Lutz book ''Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development'', Disney considered cel animation to be much more promising than the cutout animation he was doing for Cauger. Walt eventually decided to open his own animation business, and recruited a fellow co-worker at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, Fred Harman, as his first employee. Walt and Harman then secured a deal with local theater owner Frank L. Newman, arguably the most popular "showman" in the Kansas City area at the time, to screen their cartoons at his local theater, which they titled ''Laugh-O-Grams''.

Laugh-O-Gram Studio

Presented as "Newman Laugh-O-Grams", Disney's cartoons became widely popular in the Kansas City area and through their success, he was able to acquire his own studio, also called Laugh-O-Gram, for which he hired a vast number of additional animators, including Fred Harman's brother Hugh Harman, Rudolf Ising, and his close friend Ubbe Iwerks. Unfortunately, studio profits were insufficient to cover the high salaries paid to employees. Unable to successfully manage money, Disney's studio became loaded with debt and wound up bankrupt whereupon he decided to set up a studio in the movie industry's capital city, Hollywood, California.

Hollywood

Disney and his brother Roy pooled their money and set up a cartoon studio in Hollywood where they needed to find a distributor for Walt's new Alice Comedies, which he had started making while in Kansas City but never got to distribute. Disney sent an unfinished print to New York distributor Margaret Winkler, who promptly wrote back to him that she was keen on a distribution deal for more live-action/animated shorts based upon ''Alice's Wonderland''.

Alice Comedies

Virginia Davis, the live-action star of ''Alice’s Wonderland'' and her family relocated from Kansas City to Hollywood at Disney's request, as did Iwerks and his family. This was the beginning of the Disney Brothers' Studio located on Hyperion Avenue in the Silver Lake district, where it remained until 1939. In 1925, Disney hired a young woman named Lillian Bounds to ink and paint celluloid. After a brief courtship, the pair married that same year.

The new series, ''Alice Comedies'', proved reasonably successful, and featured both Dawn O'Day and Margie Gay as Alice with Lois Hardwick also briefly assuming the role. By the time the series ended in 1927, its focus was more on the animated characters and in particular a cat named Julius who resembled Felix the Cat, rather than the live-action Alice.

Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

By 1927, Charles Mintz had married Margaret Winkler and assumed control of her business. He then ordered a new all-animated series to be put into production for distribution through Universal Pictures. The new series, ''Oswald the Lucky Rabbit'', was an almost instant success, and the character, Oswald — drawn and created by Iwerks — became a popular figure. The Disney studio expanded and Walt re-hired Harman, Rudolph Ising, Carman Maxwell, and Friz Freleng from Kansas City.

Disney went to New York in February 1928 to negotiate a higher fee per short and was shocked when Mintz told him that not only did he want to reduce the fee he paid Disney per short but also that he had most of his main animators, including Harman, Ising, Maxwell, and Freleng—but not Iwerks, who refused to leave Disney—under contract and would start his own studio if Disney did not accept the reduced production budgets. Universal, not Disney, owned the Oswald trademark, and could make the films without Walt. Disney declined Mintz's offer and as a result lost most of his animation staff whereupon he found himself on his own again.

It subsequently took his company 78 years to get back the rights to the Oswald character when in 2006 the Walt Disney Company reacquired the rights to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit from NBC Universal, through a trade for longtime ABC sports commentator Al Michaels.

Mickey Mouse

After losing the rights to Oswald, Disney felt the need to develop a new character to replace him, which was based on a mouse he had adopted as a pet while working in his Laugh-O-Gram studio in Kansas City. Ub Iwerks reworked the sketches made by Disney to make the character easier to animate although Mickey's voice and personality were provided by Disney himself until 1947. In the words of one Disney employee, "Ub designed Mickey's physical appearance, but Walt gave him his soul." Besides Oswald and Mickey, a similar mouse-character is seen in the ''Alice Comedies'', which featured "Ike the Mouse". Moreover, the first Flip the Frog cartoon called Fiddlesticks showed a Mickey Mouse look-alike playing fiddle. The initial films were animated by Iwerks with his name prominently featured on the title cards. Originally named "Mortimer", the mouse was later re-christened "Mickey" by Lillian Disney who thought that the name Mortimer did not fit. Mortimer later became the name of Mickey's rival for Minnie – taller than his renowned adversary and speaking with a Brooklyn accent.

The first animated short to feature Mickey, ''Plane Crazy'' was a silent film like all of Disney's previous works. After failing to find a distributor for the short and its follow-up, ''The Gallopin' Gaucho'', Disney created a Mickey cartoon with sound entitled ''Steamboat Willie''. A businessman named Pat Powers provided Disney with both distribution and Cinephone, a sound-synchronization process. ''Steamboat Willie'' became an instant success, and ''Plane Crazy'', ''The Galloping Gaucho'', and all future Mickey cartoons were released with soundtracks. After the release of ''Steamboat Willie'', Disney successfully used sound in all of his subsequent cartoons, and Cinephone also became the new distributor for Disney's early sound cartoons. Mickey soon eclipsed Felix the Cat as the world's most popular cartoon character and by 1930, despite their having sound, cartoons featuring Felix had faded from the screen after failing to gain attention. Mickey's popularity would subsequently skyrocket in the early 1930s.

''Silly Symphonies''

Following in the footsteps of ''Mickey Mouse series'', a series of musical shorts titled, ''Silly Symphonies'' were released in 1929. The first, ''The Skeleton Dance'' was entirely drawn and animated by Iwerks, who was also responsible for drawing the majority of cartoons released by Disney in 1928 and 1929. Although both series were successful, the Disney studio was not receiving its rightful share of profits from Pat Powers, and in 1930, Disney signed a new distribution deal with Columbia Pictures. The original basis of the cartoons was their musical novelty with the first Silly Symphony cartoons featuring scores by Carl Stalling.

Iwerks was soon lured by Powers into opening his own studio with an exclusive contract, while Stalling would also later leave Disney to join Iwerks. Iwerks launched his ''Flip the Frog'' series with the first voiced color cartoon ''Fiddlesticks'', filmed in two-strip Technicolor. Iwerks also created two other cartoon series, ''Willie Whopper'' and the ''Comicolor''. In 1936, Iwerks shut down his studio in order to work on various projects dealing with animation technology. He would return to Disney in 1940 and go on to pioneer a number of film processes and specialized animation technologies in the studio's research and development department.

By 1932, although Mickey Mouse had become a relatively popular cinema character, ''Silly Symphonies'' was not as successful. The same year also saw competition increase as Max Fleischer's flapper cartoon character, Betty Boop, gained popularity among theater audiences. Fleischer, considered Disney's main rival in the 1930s, was also the father of Richard Fleischer, whom Disney would later hire to direct his 1954 film ''20,000 Leagues Under the Sea''. Meanwhile, Columbia Pictures dropped the distribution of Disney cartoons to be replaced by United Artists. In late 1932, Herbert Kalmus, who had just completed work on the first three-strip technicolor camera, approached Walt and convinced him to reshoot the black and white ''Flowers and Trees'' in three-strip Technicolor. ''Flowers and Trees'' would go on to be a phenomenal success and would also win the first 1932 Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons. After the release of ''Flowers and Trees'', all subsequent ''Silly Symphony'' cartoons were in color while Disney was also able to negotiate a two-year deal with Technicolor, giving him the sole right to use their three-strip process, a period eventually extended to five years. Through ''Silly Symphonies'', Disney also created his most successful cartoon short of all time, ''The Three Little Pigs'' (1933). The cartoon ran in theaters for many months, featuring the hit song that became the anthem of the Great Depression, "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf".

First Academy Award

In 1932, Disney received a special Academy Award for the creation of "Mickey Mouse", a series which switched to color in 1935 and soon launched spin-offs for supporting characters such as Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto. Pluto and Donald became standalone cartoons in 1937, with Goofy following in 1939. Of all Mickey's partners, Donald Duck, who first teamed up with Mickey in the 1934 cartoon, ''Orphan's Benefit'', was arguably the most popular, going on to become Disney's second most successful cartoon character of all time.

Children

The Disneys' first attempt at pregnancy ended when Lillian miscarried. She became pregnant again and gave birth to a daughter, Diane Marie Disney, on December 18, 1933. The Disneys adopted Sharon Mae Disney (December 31, 1936 – February 16, 1993).

1937–1941: Golden age of animation

"Disney's Folly": ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs''

[[Image:Walt Disney Snow white 1937 trailer screenshot (13).jpg|left|thumb|Walt Disney introduces each of the Seven Dwarfs in a scene from the original 1937 ''Snow White'' theatrical trailer.]]

Following the creation of two cartoon series, in 1934 Disney began planning a full-length feature. The following year, opinion polls showed that another cartoon series, ''Popeye the Sailor'', produced by Max Fleischer, was more popular than Mickey Mouse. Nevertheless, Disney was able to put Mickey back on top as well as increase his popularity by colorizing and partially redesigning the character to become what was considered his most appealing design to date. When the film industry learned of Disney's plans to produce an ''animated'' feature-length version of ''Snow White'', they were certain that the endeavor would destroy the Disney Studio and dubbed the project "Disney's Folly". Both Lillian and Roy tried to talk Disney out of the project, but he continued plans for the feature, employing Chouinard Art Institute professor Don Graham to start a training operation for the studio staff. Disney then used the ''Silly Symphonies'' as a platform for experiments in realistic human animation, distinctive character animation, special effects, and the use of specialized processes and apparatus such as the multiplane camera – a new technique first used by Disney in the 1937 ''Silly Symphonies'' short ''The Old Mill''.

All of this development and training was used to increase quality at the studio and to ensure that the feature film would match Disney's quality expectations. Entitled ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'', the feature went into full production in 1934 and continued until mid-1937, when the studio ran out of money. To obtain the funding to complete ''Snow White'', Disney had to show a rough cut of the motion picture to loan officers at the Bank of America, who then gave the studio the money to finish the picture. The film premiered at the Carthay Circle Theater on December 21, 1937 and at its conclusion the audience gave ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' a standing ovation. ''Snow White'', the first animated feature in America made in Technicolor, was released in February 1938 under a new distribution deal with RKO Radio Pictures. RKO had been the distributor for Disney cartoons in 1936, after it closed down the Van Beuren Studios in exchange for distribution. The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and earned over $8 million on its initial release.

Golden age of animation

Following the success of ''Snow White'', for which Disney received one full-size, and seven miniature Oscar statuettes, he was able to build a new campus for the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, which opened for business on December 24, 1939. ''Snow White'' was not only the peak of Disney's success, but also ushered in a period that would later be known as the Golden Age of Animation for the studio. Feature animation staff, having just completed ''Pinocchio'', continued work on ''Fantasia'' and ''Bambi'' as well as the early production stages of ''Alice in Wonderland'', ''Peter Pan'' and ''Wind in the Willows'' while the shorts staff carried on working on the ''Mickey Mouse'', ''Donald Duck'', ''Goofy'', and ''Pluto'' cartoon series, ending the ''Silly Symphonies'' at this time. Animator Fred Moore had redesigned Mickey Mouse in the late 1930s after Donald Duck overtook him in popularity among theater audiences.

''Pinocchio'' and ''Fantasia'' followed ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' into the movie theaters in 1940, but both proved financial disappointments. The inexpensive ''Dumbo'' was then planned as an income generator, but during production most of the animation staff went on strike, permanently straining relations between Disney and his artists.

1941–1945: World War II era

In 1941, the U.S. State Department sent Disney and a group of animators to South America as part of its Good Neighbor policy, at the same time guaranteeing financing for the resultant movie, ''Saludos Amigos''.

Shortly after the release of ''Dumbo'' in October 1941, the United States entered World War II. The U.S. Army contracted most of the Disney studio's facilities where the staff created training and instruction films for the military, home-front morale-boosting shorts such as ''Der Fuehrer's Face'' and the 1943 feature film ''Victory Through Air Power''. However, military films did not generate income, and the feature film ''Bambi'' underperformed on its release in April 1942. Disney successfully re-issued ''Snow White'' in 1944, establishing a seven-year re-release tradition for his features. In 1945, ''The Three Caballeros'' was the last animated feature released by the studio during the war.

In 1944, ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' publisher William Benton, entered into unsuccessful negotiations with Disney to make six to twelve educational films per annum. Disney was asked by the US Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, Office of Inter-American Affairs (OIAA), to make an educational film about the Amazon Basin, which resulted in the 1944 animated short, ''The Amazon Awakens''.

1945–1955: Post-war period

Disney studios also created inexpensive package films, containing collections of cartoon shorts, and issued them to theaters during this period. These included ''Make Mine Music'' (1946), ''Melody Time'' (1948), ''Fun and Fancy Free'' (1947) and ''The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad'' (1949). The latter had only two sections, the first based on ''The Wind in the Willows'' by Kenneth Grahame, and the second on ''The Legend of Sleepy Hollow'' by Washington Irving. During this period, Disney also ventured into full-length dramatic films that mixed live action and animated scenes, including ''Song of the South'' and ''So Dear to My Heart''. After the war ended, Mickey's popularity would also fade.

By the late 1940s, the studio had recovered enough to continue production on the full-length features ''Alice in Wonderland'' and ''Peter Pan'', both of which had been shelved during the war years. Work also began on ''Cinderella'', which became Disney's most successful film since ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs''. In 1948 the studio also initiated a series of live-action nature films, titled ''True-Life Adventures'', with ''On Seal Island'' the first. Despite its resounding success with feature films, the studio's animation shorts were no longer as popular as they once were, with people paying more attention to Warner Bros. and their animation star Bugs Bunny. By 1942, Leon Schlesinger Productions, which produced the Warner Bros. cartoons, had become the country's most popular animation studio. However, while Bugs Bunny's popularity rose in the 1940s, so did Donald Duck's, a character who would replace Mickey Mouse as Disney's star character by 1949.

During the mid-1950s, Disney produced a number of educational films on the space program in collaboration with NASA rocket designer Wernher von Braun: ''Man in Space'' and ''Man and the Moon'' in 1955, and ''Mars and Beyond'' in 1957.

Testimony before Congress

Disney was a founding member of the anti-communist Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals. In 1947, during the early years of the Cold War, Disney testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), where he branded Herbert Sorrell, David Hilberman and William Pomerance, former animators and labor union organizers, Communist agitators. All three men denied the allegations and Sorrell went on to testify before the HUAC in 1946 when insufficient evidence was found to link him to the Communist Party.

Disney also accused the Screen Actors Guild of being a Communist front, and charged that the 1941 strike was part of an organized Communist effort to gain influence in Hollywood.

1955–1966: Theme parks and beyond

Planning Disneyland

On a business trip to Chicago in the late-1940s, Disney drew sketches of his ideas for an amusement park where he envisioned his employees spending time with their children. The idea for a children's theme park came after a visit to Children's Fairyland in Oakland, California. This plan was originally intended to be built on a plot located across the street to the south of the studio. These original ideas developed into a concept for a larger enterprise that would become Disneyland. Disney spent five years developing Disneyland and created a new subsidiary company, WED Enterprises, to carry out planning and production of the park. A small group of Disney studio employees joined the Disneyland development project as engineers and planners, and were dubbed Imagineers.

As Disney explained one of his earliest plans to Herb Ryman, who created the first aerial drawing of Disneyland presented to the Bank of America during fund raising for the project, he said, "Herbie, I just want it to look like nothing else in the world. And it should be surrounded by a train." Entertaining his daughters and their friends in his backyard and taking them for rides on his Carolwood Pacific Railroad had inspired Disney to include a railroad in the plans for Disneyland.

Disneyland grand opening

Disneyland officially opened on July 18, 1955. On Sunday, July 17, 1955, Disneyland hosted a live TV preview, among the thousands of people in attendance were Ronald Reagan, Bob Cummings and Art Linkletter, who shared cohosting duties, as well as the mayor of Anaheim. Walt gave the following dedication day speech:

Carolwood Pacific Railroad

During 1949, Disney and his family moved to a new home on a large piece of land in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles, California. With the help of his friends Ward and Betty Kimball, who already had their own backyard railroad, Disney developed blueprints and immediately set to work on creating a miniature live steam railroad for his backyard. The name of the railroad, Carolwood Pacific Railroad, came from his home's location on Carolwood Drive. The railroad's half-mile long layout included a long trestle bridge, loops, overpasses, gradients, an elevated berm, and a tunnel underneath his wife's flowerbed. He named the miniature working steam locomotive built by Disney Studios engineer Roger E. Broggie ''Lilly Belle'' in his wife's honor and had his attorney draw up right-of-way papers giving the railroad a permanent, legal easement through the garden areas, which his wife dutifully signed; however, there is no evidence of the documents ever recorded as a restriction on the property's title.

Expansion into new areas

As Walt Disney Productions began work on Disneyland, it also began expanding its other entertainment operations. In 1950, ''Treasure Island'' became the studio's first all-live-action feature, soon followed by ''20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'' (in CinemaScope, 1954), ''Old Yeller'' (1957), ''The Shaggy Dog'' (1959), ''Pollyanna'' (1960), ''Swiss Family Robinson'' (1960), ''The Absent-Minded Professor'' (1961), and ''The Parent Trap'' (1961). The studio produced its first TV special, ''One Hour in Wonderland'', in 1950. Disney began hosting a weekly anthology series on ABC entitled ''Disneyland'', after the park, on which he aired clips of past Disney productions, gave tours of his studio, and familiarized the public with Disneyland as it was being constructed in Anaheim. The show also featured a Davy Crockett miniseries, which started the "Davy Crockett craze" among American youth, during which millions of coonskin caps and other Crockett memorabilia were sold across the country. In 1955, the studio's first daily television show, ''Mickey Mouse Club'' debuted and would continue in various incarnations into the 1990s.

As the studio expanded and diversified into other media, Disney devoted less of his attention to the animation department, entrusting most of its operations to his key animators, whom he dubbed the Nine Old Men. Although he was spending less time supervising the production of the animated films, he was always present at story meetings.. During Disney's lifetime, the animation department created the successful ''Lady and the Tramp'' ( the first animated film in CinemaScope) in 1955, ''Sleeping Beauty'' ( the first animated film in Super Technirama 70mm) in 1959, ''One Hundred and One Dalmatians'' (the first animated feature film to use Xerox cels) in 1961, and ''The Sword in the Stone'' in 1963.

Production of short cartoons kept pace until 1956, when Disney shut down the responsible division although special shorts projects would continue for the remainder of the studio's duration on an irregular basis. These productions were all distributed by Disney's new subsidiary, Buena Vista Distribution, which had taken over all distribution duties for Disney films from RKO by 1955. Disneyland, one of the world's first theme parks, finally opened on July 17, 1955, and was immediately successful. Visitors from around the world came to visit Disneyland, which contained attractions based on a number of successful Disney characters and films.

After 1955, the ''Disneyland'' TV show was renamed ''Walt Disney Presents''. It switched from black-and-white to color in 1961 and changed its name to ''Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color'', at the same time moving from ABC to NBC, and eventually evolving into its current form as ''The Wonderful World of Disney''. The series continued to air on NBC until 1981, when it was picked up by CBS. Since then, it has aired on ABC, NBC, the Hallmark Channel and the Cartoon Network via separate broadcast rights deals. During its run, the Disney series offered some recurring characters, such as the newspaper reporter and sleuth "Gallegher" played by Roger Mobley with a plot based on the writings of Richard Harding Davis.

Disney had already formed his own music publishing division in 1949 and in 1956, partly inspired by the huge success of the television theme song The Ballad of Davy Crockett, he created a company-owned record production and distribution entity called Disneyland Records.

Early 1960s successes

By the early 1960s, the Disney empire had become a major success, and Walt Disney Productions had established itself as the world's leading producer of family entertainment. Walt Disney was the Head of Pageantry for the 1960 Winter Olympics.

After decades of pursuit, Disney finally acquired the rights to P.L. Travers' books about a magical nanny. ''Mary Poppins'', released in 1964, was the most successful Disney film of the 1960s and featured a memorable song score written by Disney favorites, the Sherman Brothers. The same year, Disney debuted a number of exhibits at the 1964 New York World's Fair, including Audio-Animatronic figures, all of which were later integrated into attractions at Disneyland and a new theme park project which was to be established on the East Coast.

Although the studio would probably have proved major competition for Hanna-Barbera, Disney decided not to enter the race and mimic Hanna-Barbera by producing Saturday morning TV cartoon series. With the expansion of Disney's empire and constant production of feature films, the financial burden involved in such a move would have proven too great.

Plans for Disney World and EPCOT

In early 1964, Disney announced plans to develop another theme park to be called Disney World a few miles west of Orlando, Florida. Disney World was to include "the Magic Kingdom", a larger, more elaborate version of Disneyland. It would also feature a number of golf courses and resort hotels. The heart of Disney World, however, was to be the Experimental Prototype City (or Community) of Tomorrow, known as EPCOT for short.

Mineral King Ski Resort

During the early to mid 1960s, Walt Disney developed plans for a ski resort in Mineral King, a glacial valley in California's Sierra Nevada mountain range. He brought in experts such as the renowned Olympic ski coach and ski-area designer Willy Schaeffler, who helped plan a visitor village, ski runs and ski lifts among the several bowls surrounding the valley. Plans finally moved into action in the mid 1960s, but Walt died before the actual work started. Disney's death and opposition from conservationists ensured that the resort was never built.

Death

In 1966, Disney was scheduled to undergo surgery to repair an old neck injury caused by many years of playing polo at the Riviera Club in Hollywood. On November 2, during pre-operative X-rays, doctors at Providence St. Joseph Medical Center, across the street from the Disney Studio, discovered a tumor in his left lung. Five days later a biopsy showed the tumor to be malignant and to have spread throughout the entire left lung. After removal of the lung, doctors informed Disney that his life expectancy was six months to two years. After several chemotherapy sessions, Disney and his wife spent a short amount of time in Palm Springs, California. On November 30, Disney collapsed at his home. He was revived by fire department personnel and rushed to St. Joseph's where on December 15, 1966, at 9:30 a.m., ten days after his 65th birthday, Disney died of acute circulatory collapse, caused by lung cancer. The last thing he reportedly wrote before his death was the name of actor Kurt Russell, the significance of which remains a mystery, even to Russell.

Disney was cremated on December 17, 1966, and his ashes interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. Roy O. Disney continued out with the Florida project, insisting that the name be changed to Walt Disney World in honor of his brother.

The final productions in which Disney played an active role were the animated features ''The Jungle Book'' and ''Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day'', as well as the live-action musical comedy ''The Happiest Millionaire'', both released in 1967. Songwriter Robert B. Sherman recalled of the last time he saw Disney: }}

A long-standing urban legend maintains that Disney was cryogenically frozen, and his frozen corpse stored beneath the Pirates of the Caribbean ride at Disneyland. However, the first known cryogenic freezing of a human corpse did not occur until January 1967, more than a month after his death.

Legacy: 1967–present

Continuing Disney Productions

After Walt Disney's death, Roy Disney returned from retirement to take full control of Walt Disney Productions and WED Enterprises. In October 1971, the families of Walt and Roy met in front of Cinderella Castle at the Magic Kingdom to officially open the Walt Disney World Resort.

After giving his dedication for Walt Disney World, Roy asked Lillian Disney to join him. As the orchestra played "When You Wish Upon a Star", she stepped up to the podium accompanied by Mickey Mouse. He then said, "Lilly, you knew all of Walt's ideas and hopes as well as anybody; what would Walt think of it [Walt Disney World]?". "I think Walt would have approved," she replied. Roy died from a cerebral hemorrhage on December 20, 1971, the day he was due to open the Disneyland Christmas parade. During the second phase of the "Walt Disney World" theme park, EPCOT was translated by Disney's successors into EPCOT Center, which opened in 1982. As it currently exists, EPCOT is essentially a living world's fair, different from the actual functional city that Disney had envisioned. In 1992, Walt Disney Imagineering took the step closer to Disney's original ideas and dedicated Celebration, Florida, a town built by the Walt Disney Company adjacent to Walt Disney World, that hearkens back to the spirit of EPCOT. EPCOT was also originally intended to be devoid of Disney characters which initially limited the appeal of the park to young children. However, the company later changed this policy and Disney characters can now be found throughout the park, often dressed in costumes reflecting the different pavilions.

The Disney entertainment empire

Today, Walt Disney's animation/motion picture studios and theme parks have developed into a multi-billion dollar television, motion picture, vacation destination and media corporation that carry his name. Among other assets The Walt Disney Company owns five vacation resorts, eleven theme parks, two water parks, thirty-nine hotels, eight motion picture studios, six record labels, eleven cable television networks, and one terrestrial television network. As of 2007, the company had annual revenues of over U.S. $35 billion.

Disney Animation

Walt Disney was a pioneer in character animation. He was one of the first people to move away from basic cartoons with just ''"impossible outlandish gags"'' and crudely drawn characters to an art form with heartwarming stories and characters the audience can connect to on an emotional level. The personality displayed in the characters of his films and the technological advancements remain influential when animating today. He was also considered by many of his colleagues to be a master storyteller and the animation department did not fully recover from his demise until the late 1980's in a period known as the Disney Renaissance. The most finacially and critically successful films produced during this time include Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), The Little Mermaid (1989), Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992) and The Lion King (1994). In 1995 Walt Disney Pictures distributed Pixar's Toy Story, the first computer animated feature film. Walt Disney's nephew Roy E. Disney claimed that Walt would have loved ''Toy Story'' and that it was ''"his kind of movie"'' . With the rise of computer animated films a stream of financially unsuccessful Traditional hand-drawn animated features in the early 2000s emerged. This led to the company's controversial decision to close the traditional animation department. The two satellite studios in Paris and Orlando were closed, and the main studio in Burbank was converted to a computer animation production facility, firing hundreds of people in the process. In 2004, Disney released what was announced as their final "traditionally animated" feature film, ''Home on the Range''. However, since the 2006 acquisition of Pixar, and the resulting rise of John Lasseter to Chief Creative Officer, that position has changed with the largely successful 2009 film ''The Princess and the Frog''. This marked Disney's return to traditional hand-drawn animation and the studio hired back staff who had been laid-off in the past. Today Disney produces both traditional and computer animation.

CalArts

In his later years, Disney devoted substantial time to funding The California Institute of the Arts (CalArts). Formed in 1961 through a merger of the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music and the Chouinard Art Institute, which had helped in the training of the animation staff during the 1930s, when Disney died, one-fourth of his estate went to CalArts, which helped in building its campus. In his will, Disney paved the way for the creation of several charitable trusts which included one for the California Institute of the Arts and other for the Disney Foundation. He also donated of the Golden Oaks ranch in Valencia for construction of the school. CalArts moved onto the Valencia campus in 1972.

In an early admissions bulletin, Disney explained: }}

Walt Disney Family Museum

In 2009, the Walt Disney Family Museum opened in the Presidio of San Francisco. Thousands of artifacts from Disney's life and career are on display, including 248 awards that he received.

Anti-Semitism accusations

Disney was long rumored to be anti-Semitic during his lifetime, and such rumors have persisted after his death. Disney biographer Neal Gabler, the first writer to gain unrestricted access to the Disney archives, concluded in 2006 that available evidence does not support such accusations. In a CBS interview Gabler summarized his findings: }} Disney eventually distanced himself from the Motion Picture Alliance in the 1950s.

The Walt Disney Family Museum acknowledges that Disney did have "difficult relationships" with some Jewish individuals, and that ethnic stereotypes common to films of the 1930s were included in some early cartoons, such as ''Three Little Pigs''. However, the museum points out that Disney employed Jews throughout his career and was named "1955 Man Of The Year" by the B'nai B'rith chapter in Beverly Hills.

Academy Awards

Walt Disney holds the record for both the most Academy Award nominations (59) and the number of Oscars awarded (22). He also earned four honorary Oscars while his last competitive Academy Award was posthumous.

1932: Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: Flowers and Trees (1932)

1932: Honorary Award for: creation of Mickey Mouse.

1934: Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: Three Little Pigs (1933)

1935: Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: The Tortoise and the Hare (1934)

1936: Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: Three Orphan Kittens (1935)

1937: Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: The Country Cousin (1936)

1938: Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: The Old Mill (1937)

1939: Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: Ferdinand the Bull (1938)

1939: Honorary Award for ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' (1937) The citation read: ''"For Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, recognized as a significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field"'' (the award was one statuette and seven miniature statuettes)

1940: Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: Ugly Duckling (1939)

1941: Honorary Award for: Fantasia (1940), shared with: William E. Garity and J.N.A. Hawkins. The citation for the certificate of merit read: ''"For their outstanding contribution to the advancement of the use of sound in motion pictures through the production of ''Fantasia''"''

1942: Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: Lend a Paw (1941)

1943: Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: Der Fuehrer's Face (1942)

1949: Best Short Subject, Two-reel for: Seal Island (1948)

1949: Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award (Honorary Award)

1951: Best Short Subject, Two-reel for: Beaver Valley (1950)

1952: Best Short Subject, Two-reel for: Nature's Half Acre (1951)

1953: Best Short Subject, Two-reel for: Water Birds (1952)

1954: Best Documentary, Features for: The Living Desert (1953)

1954: Best Documentary, Short Subjects for: The Alaskan Eskimo (1953)

1954: Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom (1953)

1954: Best Short Subject, Two-reel for: Bear Country (1953)

1955: Best Documentary, Features for: The Vanishing Prairie (1954)

1956: Best Documentary, Short Subjects for: Men Against the Arctic

1959: Best Short Subject, Live Action Subjects for: Grand Canyon

1969: Best Short Subject, Cartoons for: Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day

Other honors

Walt Disney was the inaugural recipient of a star on the Anaheim walk of stars awarded in recognition of his significant contribution to the city of Anaheim and specifically Disneyland, which is now the Disneyland Resort. The star is located at the pedestrian entrance to the Disneyland Resort on Harbor Boulevard. Disney has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures and the other for his television work.

Walt Disney received the Congressional Gold Medal on May 24, 1968 (P.L. 90-316, 82 Stat. 130–131) and the Légion d'Honneur awarded by France in 1935. In 1935, Walt received a special medal from the League of Nations for creation of Mickey Mouse, held to be Mickey Mouse award. He also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom on September 14, 1964. On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Walt Disney into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.

A minor planet, 4017 Disneya, discovered in 1980 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina, is named after him.

The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, California, opened in 2003, was named in his honor.

In 1993, HBO began development of a Walt Disney biopic directed by Frank Pierson and featuring Lawrence Turman but the project never materialized and was soon abandoned. However, ''Walt - The Man Behind the Myth'', a biographical documentary about Disney, was later made.

See also

Disney family

The Mickey Mouse Club

The Walt Disney Family Museum

Walt Disney anthology television series

Notes

References

Further reading

Barrier, Michael (1999). ''Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516729-5.

Broggie, Michael (1997, 1998, 2005). ''Walt Disney's Railroad Story''. Virginia Beach, Virginia. Donning Publishers. ISBN 1-56342-009-0

Eliot, Marc (1993). ''Walt Disney: Hollywood's Dark Prince''. Carol. ISBN 1-55972-174-X

Mosley, Leonard. ''Disney's World: A Biography'' (1985, 2002). Chelsea, MI: Scarborough House. ISBN 0-8128-8514-7.

Gabler, Neal. ''Walt Disney: The Triumph of American Imagination'' (2006). New York, NY. Random House. ISBN 0-679-43822-X

Schickel, Richard, and Dee, Ivan R. (1967, 1985, 1997). ''The Disney Version: The Life, Times, Art and Commerce of Walt Disney''. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, Publisher. ISBN 1-56663-158-0.

Sherman, Robert B. and Sherman, Richard M. (1998) "Walt's Time: From Before to Beyond" ISBN 0-9646059-3-7

Watts, Steven, ''The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life'', University of Missouri Press, 2001, ISBN 0826213790

External links

Discusses Walt Disney's attitude towards unions and communism.

Walt Disney Family Museum

Neal Gabler, Inside Walt Disney

Interview with Robert Stack About Walt Disney's Involvement in Polo

Walt Disney Gravesite

Disney's Fantastic Voyage

History of Walt Disney

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Name	Sania Mirza
Country
Residence	Hyderabad, India
Birth date	November 15, 1986
Birth place	Mumbai, India
Height
Weight	57 kg
Turnedpro	2003
Plays	Right-handed, two-handed backhand
Careerprizemoney	US$ 2,218,434
Website	http://www.mysaniamirza.com/
Retired	''Active''
Singlesrecord	W-L / 261–148
Singlestitles	1 WTA, 14 ITF
Highestsinglesranking	No. 27 (27 August 2007)
Currentsinglesranking	No. 64 (14 August 2011)
Australianopenresult	3R (2005, 2007)
Frenchopenresult	2R (2007, 2009, 2011)
Wimbledonresult	2R (2005, 2007, 2008, 2009)
Usopenresult	4R (2005)
Olympicsresult	1R (2008)
Doublestitles	12 WTA, 4 ITF
Highestdoublesranking	No. 11 (4 July 2011)
Currentdoublesranking	No. 11 (4 July 2011)
Grandslamsdoublesresults	yed
Australianopendoublesresult	3R (2007, 2008, 2010)
Frenchopendoublesresult	F (2011)
Wimbledondoublesresult	SF (2011)
Usopendoublesresult	QF (2007)
Updated	22 May 2011
Olympicsdoublesresult	2R (2008)
Mixed	}
Mixedtitles	1
Australianopenmixedresult	W (2009)
Frenchopenmixedresult	2R (2007)
Wimbledonmixedresult	QF (2011)
Usopenmixedresult	QF (2007)
Updated	14 June 2011 }}

Sania Mirza (,  , ) (born 15 November 1986, in Mumbai) is a professional Indian tennis player. She began her tennis career in 2003 and is well-known for her powerful forehand ground strokes. She is the first ever Indian to break into the top 30 WTA rankings. Mirza has defeated many top players, including Svetlana Kuznetsova and Martina Hingis.

In 2004 she was awarded the Arjuna award by the Indian Government. In 2006, Mirza was awarded a Padma Shri, India's fourth highest honour for her achievements as a tennis player. In March 2010, The Economic Times named Mirza in the list of the "33 women who made India proud".

Early life

Sania was born to Imran Mirza, a sports journalist, and his wife Nasima in Mumbai, Maharashtra. She was brought up in Hyderabad in a religious family. Mirza began playing tennis at the age of six, turning professional in 2003. She was trained by her father. She attended NASR school in Hyderabad and later graduated from St. Mary's College. She is married to the Pakistani cricketer Shoaib Malik.

Career

2001–2002

Mirza had a brief career in 2001–2002. In April 2001, Mirza made the Second Round of an ITF $10,000 event in Chandigarh (losing to Karen Paterson), and the Quarterfinal of an event with the same prize money in Pune (losing to Sai Jayalakshmy Jayaram). In September, she made the Semifinal of another $10k event, this time in New Delhi, losing to Rushmi Chakravarthi.

In February 2002, Mirza played at an ITF $10k event in Mumbai but lost the First Round to Sunitha Rao. But she had a much better year later on, winning 3 ITF $10,000 titles, 1 in Hyderabad (beating Akgul Amanmuradova, 6–1, 6–2) in September, and 2 in Manila, (beating Wang I-ting, 2–6, 6–4, 7–5, and Amanmuradova, 6–0, 4–6, 6–3.)

In December 2002, Mirza lost the Second Round of an ITF $25,000 event in Mumbai to Dominika Luzarova, and the Quarterfinal of a $10k event in Pune to Jennifer Schmidt

2003–2007

In April 2003, Mirza made her profession debut in the India Fed Cup team, winning all three singles matches. She also won the 2003 Wimbledon Championships Girls' Doubles title, teaming up with Alisa Kleybanova of Russia. 7 ITF Singles Titles also went to her name in 2004.

Mirza is the highest ranked female tennis player ever from India, with a career high ranking of 27 in singles and 11 in doubles. She is the first Indian woman to be seeded in a Grand Slam tennis tournament. She was the first Indian woman to reach the fourth round of a Grand Slam tournament at the 2005 U.S. Open, defeating Mashona Washington, Maria Elena Camerin and Marion Bartoli. In winning, with Mahesh Bhupathi, the mixed doubles event at the 2009 Australian Open, she became the first Indian woman to win a Grand Slam title.

In 2005, Mirza reached the third round of the Australian Open, losing to eventual champion Serena Williams. On 12 February 2005, she became the first Indian woman to win a WTA singles title, defeating Alona Bondarenko of Ukraine in the Hyderabad Open Finals. As of September 2006, Mirza has notched up three top 10 wins; against Svetlana Kuznetsova, Nadia Petrova and Martina Hingis. At the 2006 Doha Asian Games, Mirza won the silver in the women's singles category and the gold in the mixed doubles partnering Leander Paes. She was also part of the Indian women's team that won the silver in the team event.

Mirza had had the best results of her career during the 2007 summer hardcourt season, finishing eighth in the 2007 U.S. Open Series standings. She reached the final of the Bank of the West Classic and won the doubles event with Shahar Pe'er, and reached the quarterfinals of the Tier 1 Acura Classic.

At the 2007 U.S. Open, she reached the third round before losing to Anna Chakvetadze for the third time in recent weeks. She fared much better in the doubles, reaching the quarterfinals in mixed with her partner Mahesh Bhupathi and the quarterfinals in the women's doubles with Bethanie Mattek, including a win over number two seeds Lisa Raymond and Samantha Stosur.

Mirza received an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters from the MGR Educational and Research Institute University in Chennai on 2008-12-11. Her niece, Sonia Baig Mirza, studies there.

2008

Mirza reached the quarter-finals at Hobart as No. 6 seed. She lost to Flavia Pennetta in three sets. She reached the third round at the Australian Open as No.31 seed, where she lost to No.8 seed Venus Williams 7–6(0) 6–4, having led 5–3 in the first set. She was runner-up in the Australian Open mixed doubles partnering Mahesh Bhupathi where they lost 7–6(4), 6–4 to Sun Tiantian and Nenad Zimonjić.

She withdrew from the Pattaya Open because of a left adductor strain.

Mirza reached the 4r at Indian Wells as No.21 seed, defeating No.9 seed Shahar Pe'er en route, but lost to No.5 seed Daniela Hantuchová.

At the 2008 Wimbledon Championships, as No.32 seed, Mirza was defeated by qualifier María José Martínez Sánchez, 6–0, 4–6, 9–7, having had several match points.

Mirza was eliminated in the first round of the 2008 Beijing Olympics when she retired in her match against Iveta Benešová because of a right wrist injury. She made it through  the first round at Women's Doubles in Beijing with Sunitha Rao, but lost in the second round to Svetlana Kuznetsova and Dinara Safina. Throughout 2008, Mirza was plagued by a slew of wrist injuries, requiring her to withdraw from several matches including those of the Roland Garros and US Open Grand Slams.

2009

Mirza began her year 2009 Moorilla Hobart International where she competed only in doubles partnering Francesca Schiavone, they lost in quarterfinal.

At 2009 Australian Open she win match against Marta Domachowska in first round, next she loss match against 10th seed Nadia Petrova. In doubles she lost in first round partnering Vania King. But in mixed doubles Sania Mirza picked up her first Grand Slam title at the 2009 Australian Open. Partnered with Mahesh Bhupathi, she beat Nathalie Dechy (France) and Andy Ram (Israel) 6–3, 6–1 in the final in Melbourne. She then entered the Pattaya Women's Open Tournament in Bangkok where she reached the finals after a string of good performances. She lost the finals to Vera Zvonareva 7–5, 6–1. She made the semis in doubles in the same tournament.

Mirza then competed in the BNP Paribas Open where she lost in the second round to Flavia Pennetta. She then participated in the Miami Masters and lost to Mathilde Johansson of France in the first round. Mirza and her doubles partner Chia-jung Chuang of Chinese Taipei made the semifinals of the doubles event. Mirza lost in the first round of the MPS Group Championships but won the doubles title with Chuang. She lost in the first round at Roland Garros, losing to Kazakhstan's Galina Voskoboeva. She also lost in the second round of the doubles (with Chuang) and mixed doubles (with Mahesh Bhupathi). She participated in the 2009 AEGON Classic and reached the semifinals, losing to Magdaléna Rybáriková of Slovakia 3–6,6–0,6–3, who eventually won the title.

Mirza defeated Anna-Lena Grönefeld in the first round of the 2009 Wimbledon Championships. She then fell to No.28 Sorana Cîrstea in the second round. She competed in and won the Lexington Challenger event, defeating top seed Julie Coin of France in the final. She also reached the final of the ITF event in Vancouver but lost to Stéphanie Dubois of Canada. Playing in the U.S Open, she defeated Olga Govortsova in the first round but lost 6–0, 6–0 to 10th seed Flavia Pennetta of Italy. She also lost in the second round of the doubles event (partnering Francesca Schiavone) to Shahar Pe'er and Gisela Dulko.

Mirza successfully qualified for the Toray Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo but lost in the first round to Zheng Jie. Mirza won the first set but could not hold the lead, eventually losing to the Chinese player 7–5, 2–6, 3–6.

At Osaka, Mirza won her first round match against 5th seed Shahar Pe'er 3–6, 6–3, 6–4. Mirza then defeated Viktoriya Kutuzova 6–4, 6–3 and in the quarterfinal she defeated 2nd seed Marion Bartoli 6–4, 2–0 by retirement. Bartoli conceded her match and Mirza moved on to the semifinal to meet 4th seed Francesca Schiavone of Italy.

2010

Mirza began her year at the ASB Classic in Auckland. She won her first round match against Stefanie Vögele in three sets, but was crushed by 4th seed Francesca Schiavone in the second round. Mirza then suffered two first-round losses at the Moorilla Hobart International and the Australian Open.

In February, Sania competed in the 2010 PTT Pattaya Open as the 6th seed, but lost to Tatjana Malek 6–3, 4–6, 3–6. She then played in the Dubai Tennis Championships but suffered a first round defeat to Anabel Medina Garrigues. Sania was forced to withdraw from the Sony Ericcson Open and BNP Paribas Open due to a right wrist injury. This injury also caused her to pull out of the French Open.

She returned at the AEGON Classic, where she lost in the second round to Thailand's Tamarine Tanasugarn in the three sets. Mirza then fell in the qualifying at Eastbourne and lost in the first round of Wimbledon.

Her bad form continued, as she lost in the qualifying rounds of both the Cincinnati Masters and the Rogers Cup.

She then competed at the 2010 US Open – Women's Singles Qualifying where she won three straight matches. She defeated Ksenia Lykina, Elena Bovina, Catalina Castaño to qualify for the main draw. In main draw she defeated qualifier Michelle Larcher De Brito 6–3, 6–2. In next round she went down to 20th seed Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova 6–2, 6–4.

In September Sania competed in the 2010 Guangzhou International Women's Open. In the first round she defeated Katie Obrien 6–3, 1–6, 6–2. Next she defeated 3rd seed Akgul Amanmuradova 6–4, 6–3 to reach the quarterfinals, where she lost fighting to Zhang Shuai 6–4, 1–6, 6–4. At the 2010 Guangzhou International Women's Open she won the doubles title partnering with Edina Gallovits.

In 2010 Tashkent Open she lost in first round to Ekaterina Bychkova.

In October, she represented India at the 2010 Commonwealth Games as the 2nd seed. She defeated Brittany Teei (Cook Islands), Marina Erakovic (New Zealand), and Olivia Rogowska (Australia) before losing to Australia's Anastasia Rodionova in the final. In doubles, she partnered with fellow Indian Rushmi Chakravarthi, losing in the semifinals to Australians Anastasia Rodionova and Sally Peers. Mirza and Chakravarthi beat fellow Indians Poojashree Venkatesha and Nirupama Sanjeev to win the bronze medal.

Mirza lost in the qualifying round of 2010 BGL Luxembourg Open and first round of ITF event in Taipei.

In November, she represented India at the 2010 Asian Games. The unseeded Indian defeated Chan Venise Wing-yau in first round. Next she defeated 6th seed Zhang Shuai in straight sets 6–2, 6–2 to enter into quarterfinal. In quarterfinal Mirza won against 2nd seed Tamarine Tanasugarn 6–2,6–3 to move in semi final, where she went down fighting to 3rd seed Akgul Amanmuradova 7–6(7), 3–6, 4–6 and won Bronze Medal in singles. In Mixed Doubles she partnered with India's Vishnu Vardhan losing in the finals to Chan Yung-jan and Yang Tsung-hua and won Silver Medal.

In December she competed at 2010 ITF event in Dubai. In first round she defeated 6th seed Ksenia Pervak 6–2, 6–3. Then she eaisly defeated Korina Perkovic 6–1, 6–2 to move into quarterfinal. In quarterfinal she face Top seed Julia Görges of Germany. She beat her in straight sets 6–1, 7–6(8) and in semi final she won against 8th seed Evgeniya Rodina 6–3,4–6,6–4 to reach final. In final match she beat 5th seed Bojana Jovanovski 4–6, 6–3, 6–0 to clinch singles title.

2011

Mirza started her 2011 ranked World no. 141.

Mirza started her year with the ASB Classic Open in Auckland. She needed one more win to qualify for the tournament, but lost in three sets against Sabine Lisicki. In doubles, she partnered Renata Voráčová of Czech Republic and reached the semifinals, but lost to Katarina Srebotnik and Květa Peschke.

She then competed at the 2011 Australian Open – Women's Singles Qualifying where she won three straight matches to qualify for the main draw. In the first round she went down fighting to former world no. 1 Justine Henin 5–7,6–3,6–1. She partnerd Voracova for doubles but lost in the first round also.

She received a wildcard to play in the Dubai Tennis Championships. She defeated Akgul Amanmuradova 6–3, 6–1 in the first round. She lost to qualifier Ayumi Morita in the second. In doubles, she has partnered with Russian Elena Vesnina. They beat Timea Bacsinszky and Iveta Benešová in the opener. Next, they beat Alexandra Dulgheru and Selima Sfar before going down to Victoria Azarenka and Maria Kirilenko in the quarterfinals.

Mirza received a wildcard to play at the Qatar Ladies Open. She made quick work of Serbian qualifier Bojana Jovanovski 6–2, 7–5. She was crushed by 5th seed Jelena Janković 6–0, 6–1 in the second round. In doubles, Mirza paired with Vesnina of Russia and won her first Primary Mandatory event of WTA tour after defeating American pair of Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Meghann Shaughnessy in the final of Indian Wells.

Mirza competed at the 2011 Sony Ericsson Open – Women's Singles Qualifying, where she won against Han Xinyun of China and Voracova in first and second round respectively, thus qualified for the main draw. In the first round she defeated world no. 62 Arantxa Parra Santonja of Spain by 6–2, 6–4. In the next round Mirza lost to Maria Kirilenko of Russia 5–7,6–3,6–0. Mirza paired with Vesnina and defeated 5th seed Zheng Jie (China) and Chan Yung-jan (Chinese Taipei) by 6–2, 4(10)-6(7), but went down to pair of Daniela Hantuchová (Slovakia) and Agnieszka Radwańska (Poland) by 6–4, 6–3 in second round.

Mirza participated at the Premier-level Family Circle Cup in Charleston. In singles, she qualified for it by defeating Johanna Konta and Olga Savchuk. In the main draw, she defeated Alison Riske (Round 1), Vania King (Round 2) and Sabine Lisicki (Round 3), but went down in the Quarter finals in 3 sets fighting against Peng Shuai.

In doubles, Mirza reached the finals along with Vesnina and defeated Liezel Huber & Lisa Raymond (Round 1), Alla Kudryavtseva & Anastasia Rodionova (Round 2) and Peng Shuai & Zheng Jie (Semi finals). The pair beat Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Meghann Shaughnessy for the second time this season in finals 6–4, 6–4. Mirza won her 11 WTA Tour Doubles Title and second of the year.

Next, she competed at the 2011 Madrid Masters, where she won two matches to qualify, but lost in the first round of the main draw against Elena Vesnina. In doubles, she patnered Elena Vesnina, and together they defeated Vera Dushevina & Tatiana Poutchek (Round 1) and Nadia Petrova and Anastasia Rodionova (Round 2), before goind down to Katarina Srebotnik & Květa Peschke in Round 3.

Mirza took part in the Strasbourg Open, but suffered a first round lost to home-favourite Alize Cornet.

Mirza breezed through the first round of 2011 French Open where she beat Kristina Barrois of Germany in straight sets, 6–3,6–3. Then in Round 2, she lost to 12th seed Agnieszka Radwańska of Poland, 2–6, 4–6.

For doubles for the French Open, she has partnered Elena Vesnina and faced Russians Vera Dushevina and Ekaterina Makarova. The pair easily defeated them 7–6(2), 6–2. They faced Kristina Barrois (Germany) and Johanna Larsson (Sweden) in Round 2, and won 7–6(4), 6–3. Next they beat Spanish pair of María José Martínez Sánchez and Anabel Medina Garrigues, 6–0, 6–4 in Round 3. They faced no.1 seeds Gisela Dulko (Argentina) and Flavia Pennetta (Italy) in the quarterfinals, and won 6–0, 7–5. Next they beat American duo containing Liezel Huber and Lisa Raymond and upset them in 3 sets in the semifinals. In the finals, they lost to Andrea Hlaváčková and Lucie Hradecká, 3–6, 4–6. This performance gave Mirza her career high doubles ranking of no.14.

For the mixed doubles, she partnered fellow Indian Rohan Bopanna and the pair faced Chuang Chia-jung (Chinese Taipei) and Marcin Matkowski (Poland) in the first round, and they lost 7–6(4), 7–6(2).

Her next tournament was the AEGON Classic in Birmingham, where she suffered a first round deficit by Tamira Paszek.

Then Mirza participated at qualifying draw of the 2011 AEGON International tournament where she beat Renata Voráčová and Anna Tatishvili before falling to Tamira Paszek.

At the 2011 Wimbledon Championships, she lost in the first round to Virginie Razzano of France, 6–7,6–2,3–6.

For the doubles for the Wimbledon Championships, Mirza along with Elena Vesnina played the first round against Anna Chakvetadze (Russia) and Melanie Oudin (United States) and won 6–0, 7–6(4). Next they beat Renata Voráčová (Czech Republic) and Galina Voskoboeva (Kazakhstan) in round-two, 6–3, 5–7, 6–4. Then came Daniela Hantuchová and Agnieszka Radwańska in the third round and Mirza + Vesnina beat them 6–3, 6–4, in the quarterfinals they beat the Spanish duo of Nuria Llagostera Vives and Arantxa Parra Santonja 3–6, 6–4, 7–5 to enter the semifinals. The pair suffered a 3–6, 1–6 loss to Květa Peschke and Katarina Srebotnik in the semifinals.

For mixed doubles, Mirza and Rohan Bopanna reached the quarterfinals where they lost to Paul Hanley and Hsieh Su-wei.

Mirza's next tournament was the 2011 Citi Open where she lost a very close game to Stephanie Dubois. She partnered Yaroslava Shvedova of Kazakhstan for doubles and won her 12th WTA Doubles Title of her career and 3rd of the year, beating Olga Govortsova and Alla Kudryavtseva in the final.

Then came the Mercury Insurance Open where Mirza lost fighting to Sara Errani.

Mirza is participated at the Rogers Cup Open in Toronto where she defeated Heidi El Tabakh in the First Qualifying Round. She played Kathrin Worle in the Qualifying Round but lost 7–6, 5–7, 3–6 to the German player.

Mirza's next tourament would be the Cincinnati Masters, where she beat Vania King in the First Qualifying Round but lost in the Final to Alexa Glatch.

Mirza is currently playing at the Texas Open where she will play Sabine Lisicki in Round 1.

Personal life

In 2009, Sania Mirza got engaged to childhood friend Sohrab Mirza. However the engagement was called off shortly after. Mirza married Pakistani cricketer Shoaib Malik on 12 April 2010. The wedding was held in Hyderabad, India. The online attention the wedding received made Mirza the most searched woman tennis player in 2010 according to Google Trends. The couple planned to settle down in Dubai. The wedding was even more controversial because Shoaib Malik was accused by another girl of already being married to him and hence he could not marry Sania without first divorcing her. Initially for many days, Shoiab Malik refused to grant the divorce claiming he was never married. This resulted in a huge media drama leading to so much online attention as stated earlier. Finally, having no other option, Shoaib divorced the girl paving the way for his next marriage to Sania.

Controversy

The short tennis clothes she has to wear in the court has drawn criticism from some Muslim religious group. According to one report published 8 September 2005, an unnamed Muslim scholar had issued a ruling, saying that women's tennis attire is not suited to Islam. Jamiat-ulema-e-Hind rejected rumours about disrupting her game saying that they do not stop anyone from playing, although they found female tennis players' dress code objectionable. Nevertheless, Calcutta police tightened security measures to protect her.

After Mirza spoke at a conference on safe sex in November 2005, some groups said she was detached from Islam and that she was a "corrupting influence on the youth." Mirza clarified her stance by saying that she was opposed to pre-marital sex.

In 2006, some newspapers reported that Mirza declined to play doubles with an Israeli tennis player Shahar Pe'er for fear of protests from India's Muslim community. However, when she teamed up with Pe'er for the 2007 WTA Tour of Stanford, California, there was no reaction.

Mirza was pictured resting her feet and showing the soles of her bare feet as she watched compatriot Rohan Bopanna play in the 2008 Hopman Cup, with an Indian flag in front. She faced possible prosecution under the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act after a private citizen complained. Mirza protested, "I love my country, I wouldn't be playing Hopman Cup otherwise."

On 4 February 2008, Mirza said that she would stop appearing in tennis tournaments held in India, starting with the 2008 Bangalore Open the following month, citing the series of controversies and upon advice by her manager.

Major finals

Grand Slam events

 Doubles finals: 1 (0 titles, 1 runner–up)

Mixed Doubles: 2 (1 titles, 1 runner–up)

Career finals

WTA Tour singles finals: 4 (1–3)

!Winner – Legend (pre/post 2010) bgcolor="#e5d1cb" Tier III, IV & V / International (1–2)

Titles by Surface Hard (1–3) Grass (0–0) Clay (0–0) Carpet (0–0)

WTA Tour women's doubles finals: 17 (12–5)

!Winner – Legend (pre/post 2010) bgcolor="#e5d1cb" Tier III, IV & V / International (1–0)

Titles by Surface Hard (7–1) Grass (0–0) Clay (3–4) Carpet (1–0)

Non-international tournaments

Singles

! Outcome !! Date !! Tournament !! Location !! Opponent !! Score
	December 2006		Doha, Qatar	Zheng Jie	4–6, 6–1, 1–6
	October 2010		Delhi, India	Anastasia Rodionova	3–6, 6–2, 6–7(3)
	November 2010		Guangzhou, China	Akgul Amanmuradova	7–6(7), 3–6, 4–6

Doubles

! Outcome !! Date !! Tournament !! Location !! Partnered !! Opponents !! Score
	October 2010		Delhi, India	Rushmi Chakravarthi		6–4, 6–2

Mixed Doubles

Tennis at the 2002 Asian Games December 2006 November 2010

Outcome !! Date !! Tournament !! Location !! Partnered !! Opponents !! Score
Image:Bronze medal.svg	20px ''Bronze Medal''	November 2002	2002 Asian Games ||	Busan, South Korea	Leander Paes	Janet Lee Lu Yen-Hsun	7–6, 7–5
Image:Gold medal.svg	20px ''Gold Medal''	|	Tennis at the 2006 Asian Games>2006 Asian Games	Doha, Qatar	Leander Paes	Akiko Morigami Satoshi Iwabuchi	7–5, 5–7, 6–2
Image:Silver medal.svg	20px Silver Medal	|	Tennis at the 2010 Asian Games>2010 Asian Games	Guangzhou, China	Vishnu Vardhan (tennis)>Vishnu Vardhan	Chan Yung-jan Yang Tsung-hua	6–4, 1–6, [2–10]

Timeline in Doubles and Singles

Singles performance timeline

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:97% |- !Tournament!!2005!!2006!!2007!!2008!!2009!!2010!!2011!!w-l |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;" | Australian Open |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |align="center" style="background:#EFEFEF;"|10–7 |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;" | French Open |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |align="center" | – |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |align="center" | – |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |align="center" style="background:#EFEFEF;"|3–5 |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;" | Wimbledon |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |align="center" style="background:#EFEFEF;"|4–7 |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;" | U.S. Open |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|4R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |align="center" | – |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|2R | |align="center" style="background:#EFEFEF;"|11–5 |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;" | win-loss |align="center"|6–4 |align="center"|2–4 |align="center"|6–4 |align="center"|2–2 |align="center"|4–4 |align="center"|1–3 |align="center"|1–3 |align="center"|22–23 |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;"| Year End Ranking |align="center" |111 |align="center" |44 |align="center" |55 |align="center" |78 |align="center" |23 |align="center" |52 | |align="center" |N/A |}

Women's doubles performance timeline

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:97% |- !Tournament!!2005!!2006!!2007!!2008!!2009!!2010!!2011!!win-loss |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;" | Australian Open |align="center"| – |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |align="center" style="background:#EFEFEF;"|6–6 |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;" | French Open |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |align="center"| – |align="center"| – |align="center" bgcolor=thistle|F |align="center" style="background:#EFEFEF;"|9–5 |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;" | Wimbledon |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |align="center" style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |align="center" style="background:yellow;" |SF |align="center" style="background:#EFEFEF;"|12–7 |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;" | U.S. Open |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|3R |align="center" style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |align="center" | – |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|1R | |align="center" style="background:#EFEFEF;"|7–5 |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;"| win-loss |align="center"|'''1–2 |align="center"|'''5–4 |align="center"|'''7–4 |align="center"|'''6–3 |align="center"|'''2–3 |align="center"|'''4–3 |align="center"|'''8–3 |align="center"|'''34–22 |- | colspan="19" | Year-End Championship |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;"|WTA Tour Championships |align="center" |A |align="center" |A |align="center" |A |align="center" |A |align="center" |A |align="center" |A | |align="center"|0–0 |- | colspan="19" | WTA Premier Mandatory Tournaments |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;"| Indian Wells |align="center" | – |align="center" style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |align="center" | – |align="center" style="background:yellow;" |SF |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |align="center" | – |align="center" style="background:#00ff00;"|W |align="center"|10–3 |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;"| Key Biscayne |align="center" | – |align="center" style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |align="center" | – |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |align="center" style="background:yellow;" |SF |align="center" | – |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|2R |align="center"|6–3 |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;"|Madrid |align="center" colspan="4" style="color:#cccccc;"| Not Held |align="center" style="background:yellow;" |SF |align="center" | – |align="center" style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |align="center"|5–2 |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;"|Beijing |align="center" colspan="2" style="color:#cccccc;"|Not Held |align="center" colspan="2" style="color:#cccccc;"|Not Tier 1 |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |align="center" | – | |align="center"|0–1 |- | colspan="19" | WTA Premier 5 Tournaments |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;"| Dubai |align="center" colspan="4" style="color:#cccccc;"| Not Held |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|1R |align="center" style="background:#ffebcd;"|QF |align="center"|2–3 |- |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;"|Rome |align="center" | – |align="center" | – |align="center" | – |align="center" | – |align="center" | – |align="center" | – |align="center" | – |align="center"|0–0 |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;"| Cincinnati |align="center" colspan="2" style="color:#cccccc;"| Not Held |align="center" colspan="2" style="color:#cccccc;"| Not Tier I |align="center" | – |align="center" | – | |align="center"|0–0 |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;"|Montreal / Toronto |align="center" | – |align="center" style="background:#afeeee;"|1R- |align="center" | – |align="center" | – |align="center" | – |align="center" | – | |align="center"|0–1 |- |style="background:#EFEFEF;"|Tokyo |align="center" | – |align="center" | – |align="center" | – |align="center" | – |align="center" | – |align="center" | – | |align="center"|0–0 |}

References

Sources

# India Today dt. 19 September 2005 – Cover Story titled ''Sania Mania.'' # ''Sania Mirza gets Padmashri'',26 January 2006 # Sania Mirza Searches for Additional Base # Sania Mirza Gets a doctorate

External links

Category:Indian tennis players Category:1986 births Category:People from Hyderabad, India Category:Indian Muslims Category:Indian Shi'a Muslims Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates Category:Living people Category:Asian Games competitors for India Category:Tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Category:Tennis players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games Category:Olympic tennis players of India Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India Category:Indian female tennis players Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India Category:Asian Games gold medallists for India Category:Asian Games medalists in tennis Category:Asian Games silver medalists Category:Asian Games bronze medalists Category:Tennis players at the 2010 Asian Games Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions Category:Wimbledon junior champions

bn:সানিয়া মির্জা bg:Саня Мирза ca:Sania Mirza cs:Sania Mirzaová de:Sania Mirza es:Sania Mirza fa:سانیا میرزا fr:Sania Mirza gu:સાનિયા મિર્ઝા hi:सानिया मिर्ज़ा it:Sania Mirza hu:Szánija Mirza ml:സാനിയ മിർസ mr:सानिया मिर्झा nl:Sania Mirza ja:サニア・ミルザ no:Sania Mirza pl:Sania Mirza pt:Sania Mirza ru:Мирза, Саня simple:Sania Mirza sk:Sania Mirzová sr:Сања Мирза fi:Sania Mirza sv:Sania Mirza ta:சானியா மிர்சா te:సానియా మీర్జా tr:Sania Mirza ur:ثانیہ مرزا vi:Sania Mirza zh:萨尼娅·米尔扎

playername	Shoaib Malik
country	Pakistan
living	true
dayofbirth	1
monthofbirth	2
yearofbirth	1982
placeofbirth	Sialkot, Punjab
countryofbirth	Pakistan
batting	Right-hand bat
bowling	Right-arm offbreak
role	All-rounder
club1	Sialkot Stallions
year1	2004/05–2006/07
club2	Gloucestershire
year2	2003–2004
club3	Sialkot
year3	2001/02–2006/07
club4	Pakistan Reserves
year4	1999/00
club5	PIA
year5	1998/99–present
club6	Gujranwala
year6	1997/98–1998/99
club7	Delhi Daredevils
year7	2008
international	true
testdebutdate	29 August
testdebutyear	2001
testdebutagainst	Bangladesh
testcap	169
lasttestdate	9 August
lasttestyear	2010
lasttestagainst	England
odidebutdate	14 October
odidebutyear	1999
odidebutagainst	West Indies
odicap	128
lastodidate	19 June
lastodiyear	2010
lastodiagainst	India
odishirt	18
deliveries	balls
columns	4
column1	Test
matches1	32
runs1	1,606
bat avg1	33.45
100s/50s1	2/8
top score1	148*
deliveries1	2,245
wickets1	21
bowl avg1	61.47
fivefor1	0
tenfor1	0
best bowling1	4/42
catches/stumpings1	16/–
column2	ODI
matches2	192
runs2	5,188
bat avg2	34.35
100s/50s2	7/31
top score2	143
deliveries2	6,384
wickets2	134
bowl avg2	36.29
fivefor2	0
tenfor2	n/a
best bowling2	4/19
catches/stumpings2	68/–
column3	FC
matches3	101
runs3	4,655
bat avg3	33.48
100s/50s3	12/19
top score3	200
deliveries3	11,932
wickets3	195
bowl avg3	30.09
fivefor3	6
tenfor3	1
best bowling3	7/81
catches/stumpings3	49/–
column4	LA
matches4	270
runs4	7,371
bat avg4	37.99
100s/50s4	12/44
top score4	143
deliveries4	10,388
wickets4	250
bowl avg4	30.98
fivefor4	1
tenfor4	n/a
best bowling4	5/35
catches/stumpings4	107/–
date	21 May
year	2011
source	http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/8/8219/8219.html CricketArchive }}

Shoaib Malik (}}) (born 1 February 1982 in Sialkot) is a Pakistani cricket player. He made his One-Day International debut in 1999 against the West Indies and his Test debut in 2001 against Bangladesh. He has taken over 100 ODI wickets, and has a batting average in the mid 30s in both Test and ODI cricket. His bowling action has come under scrutiny (particularly his doosra) but he has had elbow surgery to correct this. Malik was ranked second, behind teammate Shahid Afridi, in the ICC ODI all-rounder rankings in June 2008. In March 2010, Malik received a one-year ban from international cricket from the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB); the ban was overturned two months later.

Early career

Shoaib Malik first played tape-ball cricket in the streets as a child. He began to take playing cricket seriously in 1993/94 when he attended Imran Khan's coaching clinics in Sialkot. He began as a batsman only developing on his bowling later. He used to get in trouble with his family for playing cricket, as they wanted him to focus on his education. In 1996, Malik attended trials for the U-15 World Cup. He was selected in the squad for his bowling.

In May 2001, Malik's bowling action was inspected. The PCB group of bowling advisers concluded that his stock off-spinner was legal, although his delivery going the other way was not. He was encouraged to concentrate on his off-spin and to practice bowling his other delivery without bending his arm. In a One Day International (ODI) against England in June 2001, Malik suffered a fractured right shoulder after falling awkwardly while attempting to take a catch.

Malik was approached by Gloucestershire County Cricket Club in July 2003 to act as a replacement for Ian Harvey, who was on international duty with Australia. John Bracewell, the club's director of cricket, commented that he was "excited by the prospect of signing an international spinning all-rounder to replace Ian during the Cheltenham Festival and the C&G semi-finals. He will add a new and refreshing dimension to the squad ... which is in keeping with our playing philosophy to both win and entertain". He sufficiently impressed in two County Championship and three one-day matches that resulted in renewing of his contract for the 2004 season. Mark Alleyne, the club's head coach, remarked that "Shoaib did very well for us last year in the short time he was with us and fitted in very well. He is a gifted all-rounder who is worthy of a place in either discipline and as a 21 year old, he can only get better and I am really pleased at having him in my squad". Over the course of his two seasons at Gloucestershire, Malik played eight first-class matches, scoring 214 runs at an average of 17.83 with two fifties and taking 15 wickets at an average of 45.06, with best bowling figures of 3/76. He also played twelve one-day matches, scoring 345 runs at an average of 43.12 with three fifties and taking 10 wickets at an average of 47.60, with best bowling figures of 3/28.

In October 2004, Malik was reported to the International Cricket Council (ICC) for having a "potentially flawed bowling action"; eight months later, his action was cleared. In the intervening period, Malik was used mainly as a batsman. He was also given a one-Test ban by the Pakistan Cricket Board after admitting to deliberately losing a Twenty20 match for the Sialkot Stallions against Karachi Zebras to knock Lahore Eagles out of the Twenty-20 Cup. The inquiry concluded that the incident "damaged Pakistan's cricketing image and had shown disrespect to the crowd", but that "his actions were not part of any match-fixing with no financial implications, but were an immature attempt to express his disappointment at earlier decisions in the competition that he felt went against his side".

During his Test career, Malik has batted at 5 different positions and has the unusual record of batting at every position except 11th in ODIs. Pakistan's problems in finding a reliable opening pair have led to Malik being used as an opener in Test and ODI matches. In Test cricket, he made a big impression with his match-saving innings against Sri Lanka in 2006, during which he batted for the whole day and finished with 148 runs not out. His bowling has been effective at times, especially in one-day cricket where his best bowling figures are four wickets for 19 runs (4/19) in addition to many 3-wicket hauls.

On the international stage Malik struggled in England. In 12 ODIs across four tours between 2001 and 2006 he scored 98 runs at an average of 8.16, with just two scores above 20, far below his career ODI average of 34.35. Of people who have played at least eight ODIs in England, Malik's is the furthest below his overall average.

Pakistan captaincy

Following Inzamam-ul-Haq's resignation as Pakistan captain after the 2007 World Cup, Malik was put forward as one of the names for the captaincy along with Younis Khan and Mohammad Yousuf. After Younis Khan's rejection, Malik was the popular choice as a younger player and was seen to represent a fresh start after the Inzamam era.

Pakistan's coach, Bob Woolmer, was a strong advocate of Malik's case to become captain; in Woolmer's opinion Malik was "the sharpest tactical tack among his group ... a real presence on the field". Former skipper Imran Khan also backed Malik for the role, stating "He appears to have a good cricket brain and could turn out to be a very good choice for Pakistan cricket". Malik was appointed captain on 19 April 2007 by the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB), his experience considering his relatively young age and consistent performances were cited as other reasons for his appointment. At the age of just 25, he was Pakistan's fourth youngest captain.

In Malik's first series as captain, Pakistan defeated Sri Lanka 2–1 in an ODI series in Abu Dhabi. His next assignments were home Test and ODI series against South Africa, which Pakistan lost 1-0 and 3-2 respectively. 3-2 was the score in favour of India when Pakistan subsequently played an ODI series against their arch-rivals. Malik hit 89 and took three wickets in the final match, which Pakistan won by 31 runs.

Malik's captaincy lasted two years. A report by the coach and manager criticised his leadership, claiming that Malik was "a loner, aloof and involved in his own little world, which is OK but not when the team required a fully committed captain  We do not see any meaningful communication between players and captain other than his five-minute talk during the team meeting". Younis Khan took over as captain on 27 January 2009 after a poor performance against Sri Lanka saw Malik step down. In his two-year tenure as captain, Malik lead his country in two Tests, losing two and drawing one, and 36 ODIs, of which Pakistan won 24, and 17 T20Is, winning 12.

Post-captaincy

In March 2010, Malik was given a one-year ban from the national team by the PCB, who charged him with causing infighting within the team. It was part of a dramatic cull of players after Pakistan's winless tour of Australia, resulting in the fining or banning of seven players. Two months later Lancashire County Cricket Club approached Malik to play for them during Twenty20 Cup. He agreed, saying "When Lancashire approached me to come and play for them I didn't hesitate in saying yes. I love playing cricket in England and the opportunity to play with a club of Lancashire's reputation was too good to pass up". On 29 May 2010, Malik's ban was overturned and his Rs 2 million fine halved. He was subsequently named in the 2010 Asia Cup squad, and as a result, Malik pulled out of his contract with Lancashire. Pakistan did not make the final of the four-team tournament, and Malik played in two matches, amassing 47 runs. Mailk was in Pakistan's squad to play Australia and England in England in June–August 2010, but was dropped from the side. A regular in the ODI side, over the previously 12 months he had averaged around 30 with the bat in ODIs, and excluding one score over 50, his batting average hovered around 20. Mohsin Khan, Pakistan's chairman of selectors, cited Malik's poor recent form as the reason for dropping him.

Playing style

According to Cricinfo's Osman Samiuddin:

Malik is regarded as a flexible player. He is capable of hitting big shots but is also capable of rotating the strike with good placement. He has a strike rate of 77.23 runs per 100 balls, which compares favourably to players such as Rahul Dravid and Inzamam ul-Haq. His most brazen display of "power hitting" came in 2003 against South Africa when he scored 82 from 41 balls. As is required of most modern players, he also has displayed good defensive batting at times.

Personal life

In 2008, media reports in Pakistan surfaced that Malik has married Ayesha Siddiqui, a woman from Hyderabad, India, on 3 June 2002. Malik denied these allegations saying his marriage plans with the woman did not go through, because of a lack of consensus between both the families. In April 2010, Siddiqui's family released Shoaib-Ayesha 'marriage' certificate (Nikahnama). On April 2, 2010, Malik said he plans to sue Siddiqui's family for "indulging in character assassination". On April 7, 2010 Malik confirmed his marriage with Siddiqui and signed the Talaq (divorce) papers.

On 12 April 2010, Malik married Indian tennis player Sania Mirza in an Islamic wedding ceremony at the Taj Krishna Hotel in Hyderabad, India for a mahr of 61 lakh (US$137,500).

Test centuries

1 134

Test Centuries by Shoaib Malik
		style="width:40px;"	# !! style="width:50px;"|Runs !! style="width:50px;"|Match !! style="width:110px;"|Against !! style="width:150px;"|City/Country !! style="width:200px;"|Venue !! style="width:50px;"|Year !! style="width:100px;"|Scorecard
1	148*	|		Colombo, Sri Lanka	Sinhalese Sports Club Ground	2006	Test#1794
2	|	3		Colombo, Sri Lanka	Sinhalese Sports Club Ground	2009	Test#1927

ODI centuries

115 118 143 108 125* 128

One Day International centuries by Shoaib Malik
		style="width:40px;"	# !! style="width:50px;"|Runs !! style="width:110px;"|Against !! style="width:150px;"|City/Country !! style="width:250px;"|Venue !! style="width:50px;"|Year !! style="width:100px;"|Scorecard
1	111*	|	Sharjah (city)>Sharjah	Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium	2002	ODI#1808
2	|		Lahore, Pakistan	Gaddafi Stadium	2002	ODI#1835
3	|		Colombo, Sri Lanka	Sinhalese Sports Club Ground	2004	ODI#2147
4	|		Colombo, Sri Lanka	Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium	2004	ODI#2152
5	|		Lahore, Pakistan	Gaddafi Stadium	2006	ODI#2329
6	|		Karachi, Pakistan	National Stadium	2008	ODI#2717
7	|		Centurion, Gauteng>Centurion, South Africa	SuperSport Park	2009	ODI#2898

References

;Notes

;Bibliography

External links

Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:Punjabi people Category:Gloucestershire cricketers Category:Gujranwala cricketers Category:Pakistan International Airlines cricketers Category:Pakistan One Day International cricketers Category:Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup Category:Pakistan Test cricketers Category:Pakistan Twenty20 International cricketers Category:Pakistani cricket captains Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslims Category:Sialkot cricketers Category:People from Sialkot Category:Delhi (Indian Premier League) cricketers

mr:शोएब मलिक ta:சோயிப் மாலிக் tr:Shoaib Malik ur:شعیب ملک